Microbiology Exam 2 uiowa Knudtson Questions With Correct Revised Answers
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Course
Microbiology
Institution
Microbiology
Microbiology Exam 2 uiowa Knudtson
Questions With Correct Revised Answers
What kind of cells can viruses infect? - answerviruses infect every type of cell, including
bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plant, and animals
Are viruses alive? - answertwo sides of the debate:
1. since viruses are un...
Microbiology Exam 2 uiowa Knudtson
Questions With Correct Revised Answers
What kind of cells can viruses infect? - answer✔✔viruses infect every type of cell, including
bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plant, and animals
Are viruses alive? - answer✔✔two sides of the debate:
1. since viruses are unable to replicate independently from the host cell, so no, not alive
2. even though viruses do not exhibit most of the life processes of cells, they can direct them, so
more than inert (lacking strength/ability to move) and lifeless molecules
viruses are better described as active or inactive rather than dead or alive
What does it mean if a virus is described as inactive? - answer✔✔cannot replicate
What does it mean if a virus is described as active? - answer✔✔has the ability to get into a host
cell and replicate and spread
What role do viruses play in evolution? - answer✔✔infect cells and influence their genetic
makeup
shape the way cells, tissues, bacteria, plants, and animals have evolved
10% of the human genome consits of sequences that come from viruses
10-20% of bacterial DNA contains viral sequences
What does it mean that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites? - answer✔✔cannot multiply
unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make
and release new viruses
What unit are viruses measured in? - answer✔✔nanometers
What are the viral components? - answer✔✔covering (capsid and maybe envelope)
central core (nucleic acid molecules, matric proteins, and maybe enzymes)
What is a capsid? - answer✔✔protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid
What is a nucleocapsid? - answer✔✔the capsid together with the nucleic acid
What does the covering of naked viruses consist of? - answer✔✔just a nucleocapsid
What is an envelope? - answer✔✔external covering of a nucleocapsid, usually a modified piece
of the host's cell membrane
What are spikes? - answer✔✔can be found on naked or enveloped viruses
project from the nucleocapsid or the envelope
allow viruses to dock with host cells
What is a virion? - answer✔✔a fully formed virus that is able to establish as infection in a host
cell
What is the most prominent feature of viruses? - answer✔✔the viral capsid
What is a viral capsid composed of? - answer✔✔identical protein subunits called capsomere
How do capsomeres assemble into a viral capsid? - answer✔✔capsomeres spontaneously self-
assemble into the finished capsid
What are the three different orientations of capsomeres in a viral capsid? - answer✔✔helical
icosahedral
complex
What do enveloped viruses take with them when they are released from a host cell? -
answer✔✔they take a bit of the host's cell membrane
Where can enveloped viruses bud from? - answer✔✔cell membrane
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
How do viral envelopes differ from host's membranes? - answer✔✔some or all of the regular
membrane proteins are replaced with viral proteins
some envelope proteins attach to capsid proteins
glycoproteins are exposed on the outside of the envelope
What does helical symmetry look like? Where is the nucleic acid located in a helical virus? -
answer✔✔hollow tube
nucleic acid is inside the tube
How can you tell if a virus is enveloped? - answer✔✔two distinct layers
What does icosahedral symmetry look like? - answer✔✔almost circular
What is the complex virus you have to know? - answer✔✔bacteriophage (looks like a spider)
What do bacteriophages attack? - answer✔✔bacteria
If it's human, what kind of symmetry does it have? - answer✔✔helical or icosahedral
True or False: Viruses contain both DNA and RNA. - answer✔✔faaaaaalse false false false
viruses contain DNA OR RNA NOT BOTH
How does the number of viral genes compare to the number of genes in a cell? - answer✔✔the
number of viral genes is quite small compared with that of a cell
Viruses exhibit a ________ variety of configurations of DNA or RNA. - answer✔✔wide
What are the different types of nucleic acids? - answer✔✔DNA viruses
-double stranded
-linear
-circular
RNA viruses
-single stranded
-positive-sense RNA
-negative-sense RNA
-segmented
-retroviruses
Is positive-sense RNA ready for immediate translation? - answer✔✔yes
our cells recognize it as mRNA, so translation proceeds as normal and proteins are made
Is negative-sense RNA ready for immediate translation? - answer✔✔-NO-
What are retroviruses? - answer✔✔carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA
What is special about single stranded RNA in regards to replication? - answer✔✔single stranded
RNA can't duplicate itself, it has to make the compliment, and then duplicate it
What type of virus is HIV? - answer✔✔retrovirus
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