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HESI MEDSURG STUDY GUIDE EXAM LATEST 2024 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+
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HESI MEDSURG STUDY GUIDE EXAM LATEST 2024 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+
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HESI MEDSURG STUDY GUIDE EXAM LATEST 2024QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+
subarachnoid hemorrhage - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-"Worst headache of my life"
bleeding into subarachnoid space
Kernig's and Brudzinski signs are physical exams for meningitis - Kernig's sign:
attempting to straighten leg beyond 135 degrees when lying down causes pain
- Brudzinski's sign: neck flexion when lying down causes involuntary knee flexion
rigid neck
cushing's triad - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Signs of increased intracranial pressure (stage 3,
4):
1. hypertension (increased systolic with widening pulse pressure)
2. bradycardia (decreased HR)
,3. irregular respirations (abnormal respiratory pattern)
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-a form of the
sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing
extremely difficult- HYPOXIA
stages:
1. inflammatory
2. proliferative
3. fibrotic
virchow's triad - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-stasis
hypercoagulability
endothelial damage
(leading to pulmonary emboli)
TB (tuberculosis) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-airborne bacterial infection usually affecting
the lungs causing fever fatigue, productive couch, and difficulty breathing
- Caseous necrosis can cause cavitation, or cystic spaces, in the lungs.
- night sweats
- PPD raised bump over 10mm
parkinson's disease - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-extrapyramidal (impaired motor control
due to dysfunction of basal ganglia)
resting tremor (involuntary movement of body at rest)
decrease in dopamine
slow movement, rigidity, resting tremors
, multiple sclerosis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-progressive demyelination of nerves
chronic, incurable autoimmune disease affecting CNS
body's immune system attacks myelin sheath of nerve cells in the brain causing
vision loss, fatigue, impaired coordination
alzheimer's disease - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-neurofibrillary tangles (made up of a
protein called tau; bundles of twisted filaments found within neurons)
amyloid beta plaques (clumps between nerve cells)
in alzheimer's, the neurons lose the ability to regulate amyloid beta resulting in
plaque formation (also related to cholesterol buildup)
COPD- hypoxic drive and fingernail clubbing - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-- hypoxic drive
(breathing is driven by O2; do NOT give COPD pt too much O2; target O2 sat: 88-
92%)
- fingernail clubbing
1. emphysema (alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency; antiprotease-protease imbalance ->
protease breaks down elastin leading to no elastic recoil in the lungs; think PINK
PUFFER... skinny, tripod position to breathe, extreme dyspnea)
2. chronic bronchitis (smoke and air pollution, productive cough, hypersecretion
of mucus from infiltration of cytokines and cells; think BLUE BLOATER... low
ventilation perfusion and asthma (wheezing), peripheral edema, overweight and
cyanotic)
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-the more the heart fills with
blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
stroke volume increases with response to increased volume of blood into the
heart -> more forceful contraction
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