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Earth Science 1086 Midterm Exam 2024 With Correct Answers_.pdf
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9/4/24, 2:54 PMEarth Science 1086 Midterm
Jeremiah
Terms in this set (162)
Hypothesis An educated guess based upon observation
Theory A hypothesis that has been supported by repeated testing and observation
Law Explains a body of observations by which no exceptions have been found to the law
The Big Bang The initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe
An area in space-time where gravitational force is so high that all known laws of physics
Singularity
break down and do not apply
Hubble's Law The observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away. v=H0d
Hubble Space Telescope an optical telescope in Earth's orbit
When an object coming toward you makes a sound, the sound waves are compressed
Doppler Effect by the motion of the noisy object and sounds differently to you than when the same
sound waves are being carried off away from you
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation As the universe expanded it cooled
Also known as a closed universe. Finite size, stops expanding eventually, and contracts
Sphere in a big crunch. Like throwing a ball up in the air and then the energy fades and gravity
pulls the ball back down. Density parameter greater than 1
Open or a negative curvature. Infinite and unbounded, expands forever with the
Saddle Shaped expansion rate never approaching zero. Parallel lines eventually diverge. Like throwing
a ball up in the air and it just keeps going and going. Density parameter less than 1
Infinite and unbounded. Parallel lines are always parallel. Expand forever but the
expansion rate approaches zero. Like throwing up a ball and it goes and goes, but
Flat
eventually just appears to hang there, the movement outward is so slow. Density
parameter equal to 1
Conventional matter Stars, planets, asteroids, comets, etc. Less than 5% of the Universe.
Cannot be seen because it gives off no electromagnetic energy, but we know it exists
Dark Matter because we can detect its gravitational attraction to conventional matter. Makes up 27%
of the Universe.
Dark Energy Repels matter. Makes up 70% of the Universe. Controls the expansion of space.
Earth Science 1086 Midterm
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, 9/4/24, 2:54 PM
Breakdown of elements. Determines the age of the universe by:
a. Observing the compositions of gasses around old stars
b. Knowing the exact radioactive processes required to produce these gas-
Radioactivity
compositions from the very first elements created in the Big Bang
c. Knowing all the time factors involved in breaking down one component to yield
others
H0 is the constant rate for the expansion rate. Can use Hubble's equation to determine
Hubble's Expansion Constant
the age of the most distant light
CMBR way to determine the age of the CMB signals offer the most accurate view to date of conditions in the early Universe.
universe Based on this the Universe is 13.80 +/- 0.04 billion years
Light Year The distance that light travels in one year
Can be used to measure light years up to 500 light years distant. Object is at a different
place relative to the background. Ex. If a telescope is pointed at a nearby star in
Trigonometric Parallax
January and then you look again in July and you moved your telescope by a little angle
from where you originally pointed it.
Can be used to measure 500 to 500 million Light Years distant. Using the Hertzsprung-
Main Sequence Fitting
Russel Diagram you can match the brightness of a star to their temperature
Apparent Brightness The brightness we see from Earth
Intrinsic brightness The true brightness of a star
Cepheids Stars with a pulsing brightness that peak with absolute regularity
Find a cepheid and carefully measure the time between one brightness peak and the
Cepheid Technique next giving us the intrinsic brightness, which you can put into the apparent brightness
equation
Closest neighbouring galaxy, looks similar to the Milky Way but is much bigger and
Andromeda Galaxy
looks like a frisbee
Spiral-shaped clump of stars that Hubble found to prove that there were other galaxies
Andromeda
outside of the Milky Way
40-50 galaxies in our immediate environment including the Andromeda, Milky Way, and
Local Group
Triangulum Galaxy
Suggests that the solar system formed over a brief span of time from a giant nebula
Nebular Hypothesis
(cloud of interstellar gas).
Element A substance that cannot be broken down to anything simpler by any chemical means
Atom A particle of matter that has the unique properties of an element
Protons Positively charged particles
In all atoms consisting of protons and may or may not contain neutrons. Surrounded by
Central Nucleus
electrons
Neutrons neutrally charged particles
Electrons Negatively charged particles
Ion An atom with either a negative or positive charge
Isotope Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Mass Number Sum of protons and neutrons in its nuclei
Every radioactive isotope has one. It is the time it takes for half of the isotope to be
Half-life
gone
A breakdown of the nucleus of a relatively heavy atom into at least two other lighter
Fission
particles plus energy
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