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Photosynthesis, Cell Signaling, and Cancer Biology Test| Qs & As Latest Update (100% Solution)
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Photosynthesis, Cell Signaling, and Cancer Biology Test| Qs & As Latest Update (100% Solution)
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Photosynthesis, Cell Signaling, and CancerBiology Test| Qs & As Latest Update (100%
Solution)
Outcomes of Cellular Signaling - ✔✔Altered gene expression and protein function, leading to altered
cellular processes and development
Example Pathways - ✔✔GPCR Hormone signaling, JAK-STAT Pathway, Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, PI
3-kinase/AKT pathway
Cell Cycle - ✔✔Process by which cells divide and reproduce
G0 - ✔✔Quiescent stage of the cell cycle
G1 - ✔✔Gap phase 1 of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for DNA synthesis
S - ✔✔Synthesis phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs
G2 - ✔✔Gap phase 2 of the cell cycle where the cell checks and repairs DNA before mitosis
M - ✔✔Mitosis phase of the cell cycle where the replicated chromosomes are separated and the
cell divides
Phases of the Cell Cycle - ✔✔Mitosis and interphase, with most time spent in interphase
, Prophase - ✔✔Phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down,
and spindle forms
Metaphase - ✔✔Phase of mitosis where chromosomes align and attach to spindles
Anaphase - ✔✔Phase of mitosis where cohesion is removed and chromosomes separate
Telophase and Cytokinesis - ✔✔Phases of mitosis where the nucleus reforms and the cell
membrane pinches off
Embryonic Cell Cycles - ✔✔Rapid division of cells skipping G1 and G2 phases after fertilization
Cell Cycle Regulation Themes - ✔✔Tight control through CDK/cyclin complexes, positive
feedback loops, post-translation modification, transcriptional regulation, and degradation by
proteasome
Cyclins - ✔✔Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by interacting with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
Cell Cycle Entry: G0 to G1 - ✔✔Regulation of cell cycle entry based on growth factors,
nutrient availability, and other factors
Cyclin-CDK Complexes - ✔✔Complexes formed by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
to drive the cell cycle forward
Cell Cycle Checkpoints - ✔✔Regulatory points in the cell cycle that ensure proper progression
and inhibition of specific cyclin/CDKs
DNA Damage Checkpoints - ✔✔Checkpoints activated in response to DNA damage or defects
in mitosis to protect cells and allow for repair
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