AP Bio Cell Cycle, Cancer, and Cell Signaling
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Binary Fission - ✔✔the process by which prokaryotes replicate their genome, as opposed to mitosis
Cell Cycle Control System - ✔✔the process that controls the steps of the cycle
Checkpoints - ✔✔processes during which molecular signals tell the cell either to continue dividing
or to stop
G1 Phase Checkpoint - ✔✔the most important checkpoint at which the cell either receives the go-
ahead signal and usually completes the whole cell cycle and divides, or doesn't receive the go-ahead
signal and enters a nondividing phase called the G0 phase
G2 Phase Checkpoint - ✔✔the checkpoint at which cyclin molecules must combine with
Cdk molecules to produce enough molecules of MPF to pass and initiate the events of mitosis
M Phase Checkpoint - ✔✔the checkpoint at the end of metaphase which ensures that all the
sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks) - ✔✔the protein enzymes that control the cell cycle
Cyclin - ✔✔proteins that connect to and activate kinases in the cells
MPF - ✔✔molecules produced to by cyclin molecules combined with Cdk molecules to pass the
G2 checkpoint and initiate the events of mitosis; "Mitosis Promoting Factor"
Density-Dependent Inhibition - ✔✔the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing
, Anchorage Dependency - ✔✔the phenomenon in which normal cells must be attached to
a substratum, like the extracellular matrix of a tissue, to divide
Transformation - ✔✔the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell
Tumor - ✔✔a mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue
Benign Tumor - ✔✔a lump of abnormal cells that remain at the original site
Malignant Tumor - ✔✔a lump of abnormal cells that becomes invasive enough to impair
the functions of one or more organs
Metastasis - ✔✔the process that occurs when cells separate from a malignant tumor and enter
blood or lymph vessels and travel to other parts of the body
Oncogenes - ✔✔cancer-causing genes
Proto-oncogenes - ✔✔genes that code for proteins that are responsible for normal cell
growth; become oncogenes when a mutation occurs that causes an increase in the product of the
proto-oncogene or an increase in the activity of each protein molecule produced by the gene
p53 Gene - ✔✔a gene that produces a protein that suppresses cancer in four ways: by activating the
p21 gene whose product halts the cell cycle by binding to cyclin-dependent kinases, allowing time for
DNA to be repaired before the resumption of cell division; by activating a group of miRNAs which
inhibit the cell cycle; by turning on genes directly involved in DNA repair; by activating "suicide genes
whose products cause cell death when DNA damage is too great to repair
Apoptosis - ✔✔a process in which "suicide" genes are activated whose products cause cell death
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