MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues) - Answer Structure: Combined surface
area of various areas in the body
Location: mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems
Function: Initiates immune response to specific antigens encountered along mucosal
surfaces
Sple...
MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues) - Answer Structure: Combined surface
area of various areas in the body
Location: mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems
Function: Initiates immune response to specific antigens encountered along mucosal
surfaces
Spleen - Answer Structure: large, ovoid, two compartments (red pulp: cords of Billroth -
fibrils and connective tissue cells with monocytes and macrophages, white pulp: filled
with macrophages, lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells and RBC)
Location: left abdominal cavity
Function: red pulp filters blood, white pulp is the site of immune response development
against antigens in the blood
Thymus - Answer Structure: Flat, Bi-lobed, filled with thymocytes (T-cells in the thymus),
epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
Location: above the heart
Function: Site of T-cell development and maturation
Primary Lymphoid Organs - Answer Thymus and bone marrow
- Site of lymphocyte maturation
- B-cell --> Bone marrow
- T-cell --> Thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Organs - Answer Spleen, lymph nodes and MALT
,-Site of lymphocyte activation through interaction with trapped antigens
Discrimination - Answer Ability of immune cells to recognize self vs non-self
Cells in the body present Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC I) that is a
sample of proteins found inside the cell
MHC II are on special cells of the immune system
Immune cells scan and recognize abnormalities with the MHC and can initiate immune
response
Elimination - Answer Ability of immune cells to initiate an immune response
Pathogen enters the body --> immune system recognizes the antigen --> activation of
effector cells --> elimination of the pathogen
Innate Immunity - Answer First line of defence
Physical, soluble and cellular barriers
Immediate recognition and response
Non specifically recognize general patterns
Adaptive Immunity - Answer Humoral immunity (B-cells), cell mediated immunity (T-
cells)
Longer time to initiate response, recognize and respond to specific antigens,
immunological memory
Evolution of the immune system - Answer Many prominent aspects of human immune
system recognized in the immune system of less complex species
Innate immunity: found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants
Adaptive immunity: found only in subphylum vertebrata (all animals with backbones), B
and T cells only found in jawed vertebrates
,Pregnancy and Immunity - Answer Immune system in state of flux with specific cell
types recruited to implantation site, after 12 weeks enters immune dampening, end of
term enters immune flux
Origin of Immune Cells - Answer Every immune cell originates from pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cells in fetal liver and bone marrow
Hematopoietic Stem Cell - Answer Every blood cell arises from this
Self Renewal:Ability to divide itself to replace older cells and keep the pool of stem cells
constant
Pluripotent (multipotent): can differentiate into many other cell types but once a stem
cell commits to a lineage it loses self renewal ability
Lymphoid Lineage - Answer lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate to make up the
adaptive immune system
Major cells are the T and B cells (lymphocytes)
Dendritic Cell - Answer Arise from myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells
Part of adaptive and innate immunity
, Function to capture and engulf antigens and present them to the adaptive immune cells
Various subsets
Erythrocytes and Platelets - Answer Platelets: coagulation, wound healing and
fibrinolysis
Inflammatory function influencing innate and adaptive immunity
Involved in - intervention against microbes, recruitment and promotion of innate
effector cell functions, modulate antigen presentation, enhance adaptive immunity
Erythrocytes and Platelets:
formed during hematopoiesis
Monocyte and Macrophage - Answer - are phagocytes
- Monocytes are in the blood
- macrophages are in the tissues
- when monocytes enter tissues they become bigger, increase complexity of intracellular
structures, are better at phagocytosis
- macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes
Mast Cell - Answer - located in tissues
- are granulocytes with granules containing histamine
- similar to basophils
- role in allergy development
Neutrophil - Answer - most abundant leukocyte (WBC)
- characteristics of granulocytes (polymorphic nucleus, granules containing lytic
enzymes) and phagocytes (ability to engulf and absorb bacteria)
- First to arrive at inflammation site and live a few days
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