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AP Psychology - Unit 8 questions & answers.
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AP Psychology - Unit 8 questions &answers.
Motivation ANS - A need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour.
Instinct ANS - Originally, Darwin's theory of evolution brought about the ideas of instincts. However, it
soon became less of identifying a cause but rather just labelling the action. Now, instinct is better
defined as a complex, unlearned behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. It fails to
explain most human motives.
Underlying Assumption of Evolutionary Psychology's Motivation Theory ANS - Genes predispose
species-typical behaviour.
Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psychology ANS - Strength: Evolutionary psychology helps explain
behavioural similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past
Weakness: Instinct theory explains animal behaviour better than human behaviour; humans have few
true instincts
Drive-Reduction Theory ANS - The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a
drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Generally speaking, when a physiological need
increases, so does a psychological drive (an aroused, motivated state).
Strengths: Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thirst
Weakness: Does not explain why some motivated behaviours increase arousal
Need to maintain Homeostasis ANS - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Homeostasis literally translates to, "staying the same," and your body strives to keep balance.
Incentives ANS - Positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us. We feel especially motivated when
there is both a need and motive present.
, Optimal Arousal Theory ANS - Some motivated behaviours increase arousal. Ultimately, human
motivation aims not to eliminate arousal, but seek optimum levels of it. Neuroscientists Irving
Biederman and Edward Vessel labelled humans, "infovores," upon identifying brain mechanisms that
reward us for acquiring information. With too little stimulation, we look for a way to raise arousal and
some optimum level, but with too much comes stress.
Strengths: Explains that motivated behaviours may decrease or increase arousal
Weakness: Does not explain our motivation to address our more complex social needs
Yerkes-Dodson Law ANS - The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point,
beyond which performance decreases. For instance, when you are writing a test, you should be alert,
but not trembling.
Hierarchy of Needs ANS - Abraham Maslow theorized the Hierarchy of Needs, that if your basic needs
are not satisfied, you are motivated to fulfill them as opposed to higher ones. Self-actualization is often
philosophically explored - some characteristics could be perceiving reality efficiently, accept themselves
and others for who/what they are, spontaneous, problem centered not self centered, unusual sense of
humour, to look at life objectively, high creativity, concerned for the welfare of humanity, deep
appreciation for basic life events (live everyday like it is your last), deep satisfying relationships with a
few people, peak life experiences, need for privacy, democratic values, strong moral character, and
strong ethical character.He claims this is not the formula for a perfect human, but this is a set of
standards as he believes you should reach your full potential.
These needs are not necessarily fixed, and change a little based on each person. Modern psychologists
agree with the first four, but also argue that socializing and parenting offspring are also important
motivators. Cognitive needs - a love of learning, exploration and knowledge to be after esteem needs.
Aesthetic needs are an appreciation of beauty that is to be after cognitive needs.
Self-transcendence needs could include mystical experiences (spiritual moments) that are 'out-of-body.'
Other aspects could include charity for the sake of charity, not for selfish items.
Strengths: Incorporates the idea that we have various levels of needs, including lower-level physiological
and safety needs, and higher-level social, self-esteem, actualization, nad meaning needs
Weakness: The order of needs may change in some circumstances. Evolutionary psychologists note the
absence in the hierarchy of the universal human motives to find a mate and reproduce
Charles Cooley ANS - He proposed the idea of the, 'Looking Glass Self.' It suggested that an individual's
self motivation is often dictated by what others think of them. An individual in a social situation
imagines how they appear to others, imagining others' judgements about their appearance. The
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