BESC 367 - Exam 2
Tragedy of the Commons - Answer- Garrett Hardin; Grazing cattle example - too much cattle on one area of land will destroy the land - leaving no benefit for anyone
Because the environment is a public commons. - Answer- How does Tragedy of the Commons relate to environment?
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BESC 367 - Exam 2
Tragedy of the Commons - Answer- Garrett Hardin; Grazing cattle example - too
much cattle on one area of land will destroy the land - leaving no benefit for anyone
Because the environment is a public commons. - Answer- How does Tragedy of the
Commons relate to environment?
Consumption of the good by the individual does not reduce the amount available for
consumption by others; and no one can effectively be excluded from using that good.
Ex: air and water - Answer- What does non excludable and non rival mean?
Examples?
Free rider - Answer- People who do not pay for a good but use it
Irrational saints - Answer- ones that are willing to pay for the good
Because the government must act to provide the good, absent government
intervention will result in the environment becoming degraded - Answer- How do free
riders relate to environmental protection?
Externality - Answer- a cost not directly related to production of consumption of a
good or service, and not reflected by market prices
Ethic - Answer- Moral code of right or wrong
Noblesse oblige - Answer- privileged people have a responsibility to act with
generosity and nobility toward those less privileged (environmentally this means
human toward other species)
Direct Regulation/Command and Control/End of pipe - Answer- sets standards and
mandates compliance with punishment for violation of standards, attempts to control
pollution at end of processes rather than preventing emission
Tort Law - Answer- When actions are carried out for a civil wrong that was done
Reacts to existing problems rather than preventing problems - Answer- Issues with
tort law
Private nuisance - Answer- Pollution that affects a limited number of people, or in a
unique way, that gives someone right to sue
Public nuisance - Answer- Most pollution described as this; affects large amount of
people, only public official can sue
Subsidy - Answer- When the government pays grants or tax credits to encourage
pollution control; more effective when polluter anticipates clean up costs
, Desire to beat competitors - Answer- What inhibits success of a subsidy?
Emissions Charge - Answer- When users are charged a fee per unit of pollution
emitted
Cap and Trade - Answer- Government sells permits and lets polluters trade these
among each other
Total Pollution Target - Answer- Limit set by the government
Environmental (green) taxes - Answer- Extract money from polluters and channel the
revenue into environmental programs (US passed one for CFCs, Colorado for
carbon tax)
Laissez-Faire - Answer- Free from government interference
National, National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) - Answer-
Environmental policy today is an example of _________ policy, and was marked
early on by what act?
Rachel Carson - Answer- Silent Spring
Paul Erlich - Answer- The Population Bomb
Barry Commoner - Answer- The Closing Circle
Santa Barbara, California - Answer- Where was the disastrous oil spill in 1969?
1970 - Answer- When was the first Earth day?
EPA was created, NEPA was passed, and 27 laws/rules improved environmental
quality - Answer- Environmentally, what was done in the 1970s?
Reagan Administration - Answer- What administration pushed for cutting costs and
regulations in the 1980s but reversed due to public disapproval?
Conservative courts and declining economy (during George HW Bush) - Answer-
What contributed to concerns over regulation costs in the 1990s?
Contract With America - Answer- Republicans pushed for regulatory reform in such a
way that benefited private ownership of property and business
Bottle Bills - Answer- Required certain drinks to be sold in recyclable or reusable
bottles, paid for by consumers via deposit, but refunded when bottle is returned via
recycling
Energy Star Program - Answer- Identifies and promotes energy-efficient products
and buildings to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
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