Biology 223 Final Exam CSN
urinary system (renal) - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte
and acid-base balance of the blood.
endocrine system - Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Muscular System - enables movement of the body and internal organs
cardiovascular system - The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and
nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood.
Anatomy - The study of body structure
Physiology - Study of function
Microscopic Anatomy - deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Macroscopic Anatomy - The study of structures that can be seen without magnification
integumentary system - skin, hair, nails
skeletal system - gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and
brain
nervous system - the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the
nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
,lymphatic system - Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense
against infection.
digestive system - Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to
body cells.
Respritory system - Bring in oxygen for cellular respiration and remove excess CO2. Made of nose
trachea and lungs
reproductive system - Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells
(oocytes)
What function do the respiratory system and renal system have in common? - regulates blood pH
Which is the only organ system that can be removed and will not kill you? - reproductive system
(does not function at birth)
What is a major function of the skin that involves sunlight? - production of vitamin D
Integument is another name for the______ - skin
What is the primary function of the endocrine system? - produce hormones
organ level - 2 or more different tissues working together
organ system - 2 or more organs working together
total organism - all of the organ systems working together
,How is the lymphatic system important in regulation of interstitial fluid? - returns tissue fluid to
the blood
Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
set point - a value that is defended to maintain homeostasis
autoregulation - causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments
intrinsic regulation - automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
Extrinsic regulation - Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
feedback loop components - receptor- structure that is sensitive to the stimulus control center-
gets info from receptor, sends command to effector
effector-muscle, glands, adipose tissue. responds and tries to restore
negative feedback loop - Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is
moving
positive feedback loop - a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
Anitomical Position - Erect posture, Head, Eyes and Toes pointing forward, Feet together, Arms by
the side, Palms point forward
bilateral symmetry - arrangement of body parts so there are distinct left and right halves that
mirror each other
Directional Terms - Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the
hand is part of the superior extremity).
, Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).
Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the
foot).
Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the
foot).
Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the
femur joins with the pelvic bone).
Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located
at the distal end of the forearm).
Body Regions - head, neck, trunk, upper appendage, lower appendage
abdominopelvic regions - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Planes of the body - sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique
dorsal cavity - contains the brain and spinal cord
ventral cavity - thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
