MICR270 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT ANSWERS
Natural Passive Immunity - Answer-o Acquired by the fetus or newborn from the mother.
o Placental transfer of antibodies during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
o Short-lived immunity (~6 months)
o No immunological memory for the recipient.
Artific...
Natural Passive Immunity - Answer-o Acquired by the fetus or newborn from the
mother.
o Placental transfer of antibodies during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
o Short-lived immunity (~6 months)
o No immunological memory for the recipient.
Artificial Passive Immunity - Answer-o Acquired by injection of serum containing
antibodies.
o Immunity is temporary.
o No immunological memory for the recipient.
Neutral Active Immunity - Answer-o Acquired through infection by a pathogen possibly
leading to symptoms/a disease state.
o Development of innate and adaptive immune responses.
o Immunological memory has a significant chance of being developed.
Artificial Active Immunity - Answer-o Acquired through vaccination.
o Development of innate and adaptive immune responses.
o Normally, no symptoms/disease states are present.
o Immunological memory has significant chance of being developed.
B-cell deficiency - Answer-· Characterized by dysfunctional B lymphocytes or low levels
of them.
· This results in a susceptibility to infection, especially by capsulated bacteria.
· Example: x-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), a recessive disorder that occurs in
males where the patients do not develop mature B cells and therefore have low levels of
IgG and lack other immunoglobulins
T-cell deficiency - Answer-· Characterized by dysfunctional T lymphocytes or low levels
of them.
· Results in an increased susceptibility to viruses, protozoans, and fungi.
· Usually show as frequent infections starting 3-4 months after birth, such as pneumonia
and candidiasis.
Ex: DiGeorge syndrome, a complex disease caused by deletion of a small segment of
chromosome 22, resulting in an absent or underdeveloped thymus which causes T-cell
abnormalities as well as abnormalities in the heart, face, and palate
, Complement deficiencies - Answer-· The complement system involves regulation of
nine components, genetic deficiencies have been described for each of these
components.
· Patients are prone to frequent severe bacterial infections and complication from
inability to clear immune complexes.
· Those with C3 deficiencies have the most severe symptoms.
Ex: Hereditary angioedema (HAE), a lack of the protein C1 that regulates complement
pathways resulting in a swelling of the face, lips, larynx, or GI tract which can affect
breathing and cause abdominal pain
Phagocytic deficiencies - Answer-· Can appear at various stages of the phagocytic
process and causes severe and frequent bacterial and fungal infections in patients,
often causing deep abscesses.
Ex: chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a rare inherited disease where the
phagocytes do not make enough chemicals to kill phagocytosed bacteria. Patients with
this disease form non-malignant granulomas in an attempt to separate foreign materials
from the rest of the body
Combined T- and B-cell deficiencies - Answer-· Characterized by dysfunctional and/or
low levels of lymphocytes.
· As a result, both humoral and cell-mediated immune response systems are
compromised.
· There is little to no resistance to infection therefore mild pathogens can be life
threatening (like chickenpox).
· Patients often suffer fatal infections within first year of life.
Ex: sever combined inherited immunodeficiency (SCID), like bubble boy
Corticosteroids - Answer-Ant-inflammatory; kills T-cells.
Ex: Prednisone, provides relief for inflamed areas of the body.
Side effects: osteoporosis, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, diabetogenic
Cytotoxic Drugs - Answer-Blocks cell division non specifically.
Ex:
cyclophosphamide and methotrexate used to treat cancer by slowing or stopping cell
growth.
Cyclophosphamide side effects: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomachache,
diarrhea.
Methotrexate side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss, tired, dizzy, chill, headache,
mouth sores, lung sores
Immunophilins - Answer-Blocks T-cell responses
Ex: cyclosporine used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
Side effects: nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, gingival
hyperplasia.
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