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NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NURS 611Pathophysiology Exam 4
Questions and Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,Crohn's disease - Answer: Inflammatory disorder that affects any part of the GI tract from the mouth to
the anus
R/F: Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, medications such as NSAIDs, altered intestinal
microbiome.
P/P: Spreads with discontinuous TRANSMURAL involvement or "skip lesions" that can involve any part of
the GI tract from the mouth to the perianal area.
Skip lesions are distinguished by inflamed areas mixed with uninflamed areas, noncaseating granulomas,
fistulas, and deep penetrating ulcers.
Cardinal Sign: Diarrhea
S/S: Deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin d absorption
Appendicitis - Answer: Most common in children 10 to 11 years of age, up to 19
Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen
10 cases per 10,000 persons
RLQ pain, low-grade fever, nausea, rebound tenderness at McBurney's point.
P/P: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the apex of the cecum,
becomes hypoxic
Cirrhosis - Answer: Scar tissue replaces healthy hepatocyte tissue and is an irreversible inflammatory,
fibrotic liver disease. It distorts the architecture of the liver parenchyma.
Prevalence 4.5 million
Mortality rate of 44,358 deaths yearly
,R/F: Hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatitis B is
the most common cause of cirrhosis.
Colorectal Cancers - Answer:
Pancreatic Cancer - Answer: Fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.
Celiac Disease - Answer: Know as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune
disease that damages small intestinal villous epithelium when gluten (gliadin), the protein component of
wheat derivatives, barley, or rye, is ingested.
P/P: HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune injury to genetically susceptible
individuals' small intestinal epithelial cells.
Gluten Sensitivity - Answer: Patients will not have positive antibodies, nor will they exhibit classic
intestinal villous atrophy.
Portal hypertension - Answer: Thrombosis of the portal vein is the most common cause of portal
hypertension in children, and splenomegaly is the most common sign.
Primary lactose intolerance - Answer: P/P: The inability to digest milk sugar because of a lack of the
enzyme lactase results in osmotic diarrhea.
S/S: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
TX: A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs)
or probiotics
Intussusception - Answer: Telescoping of a proximal segment of the intestine into a distal segment
causes an obstruction. It occurs most commonly in the area of the ileocecal junction.
, GERD - Answer: Reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from the stomach into the esophagus, causing
esophagitis
Prevalence: 18% to 27% in North America.
R/F: Age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs (anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, nicotine),
asthma, chronic cough.
P/P: Change in 20 mmHG LES resting pressure prevents backflow related to distention
D/T: Spontaneous relaxation of the LES may be triggered by gastric distention after meals and trigger
acid reflux. Acid reflux may be triggered by diet and lifestyle factors such as food intake that causes
delayed gastric emptying, acidic foods, and obesity. Sliding hiatal hernia facilitates reflux.21 Vomiting,
coughing, lifting, bending, and pregnancy also increase abdominal pressure, contributing to the
development of reflux esophagitis.
S/S: Pyrosis (heartburn), acid regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, chronic cough, asthma attacks,
laryngitis, hoarseness, RUQ 1 hour of eating are less common.
R/F: Lying down after meals, ( IP pressure: coughing, vomiting, or straining at stool), Edema, strictures,
esophageal spasm, or decreased esophageal motility, Alcohol or Citrus, Acidic Foods
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an idiopathic chronic allergic/immune disease
Hirschsprung disease - Answer: "Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon"
Caused by a malformation of the parasympathetic nervous system in a segment of the colon needed for
peristalsis, resulting in colon obstruction.
Volvulus - Answer: Twisting of the bowel on itself, intestinal malrotation, the small intestine lacks a
normal posterior attachment during fetal development, may partly or completely occlude the GI tract
and its blood vessels.
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