NCSU BIO 240 Midterm Klesath Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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Course
NCSU BIO 240
Institution
NCSU BIO 240
NCSU BIO 240 Midterm Klesath Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
Bones - answer-primary organs of the skeletal system
-provides framework of body and attachment site for muscles
Cartilage - answer-component of embryonic, growing, mature bones and joints
-hyaline cartilage is predominant type
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NCSU BIO 240 Midterm Klesath Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
Bones - answer✔✔-primary organs of the skeletal system
-provides framework of body and attachment site for muscles
Cartilage - answer✔✔-component of embryonic, growing, mature bones and joints
-hyaline cartilage is predominant type
Connective Tissue - answer✔✔-bone and cartilage outer membrane
-ligaments connect bones, tendons connect muscle to bone
Osteoprogenitor cells - answer✔✔STEM CELLS
-derived by mesenchyme
-found in bone membranes
-these develop into osteoblasts
osteoblasts - answer✔✔MAKE OSTEOID
-found in bone membranes
-secretes osteoid (collagen)
osteocytes - answer✔✔mature bone cells, have spider like extensions
-maintain matrix, monitor stress, allow for communication between different cells in tissue
-present in, and surrounded by, bone tissue
osteoclasts - answer✔✔big cells that BREAK DOWN MATRIX
-formed by fusing bone marrow cells
-digests all components of matrix (organic and inorganic)
-calcium is freed from matrix that can then be added to bone
-gives bone tensile strength by resisting stretching, contributes to bone flexibility, can respond to
pressure being place on it
inorganic bone composition - answer✔✔CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
-deposited around collagen fibers
-accounts for rigidity of bones
Bone deposition - answer✔✔osteoblasts lay down osteoid and add bone tissue, secretes collagen
fibers after collagen framework is there mineralization occurs (lay down calcium and phosphate
between highly organized collagen)
Bone resorption - answer✔✔Process of osteoclasts breaking down bone, collagen is broken
down (organic portion) by proteolytic enzymes. Calcium and phosphate (inorganic portions)
broken down by hydrochloric acid, which frees these into the blood, therefore increasing blood
levels of calcium and phosphate
Structural unit of compact bone? - answer✔✔osteon
Structural unit of spongy bone? - answer✔✔trabeculae
Compact Bone - answer✔✔located at bone exterior
-appears white, smooth, and solid
-10% of surface area, 80% of bone mass
osteon - answer✔✔functional unit of compact bone composed of concentric lamellae and a
central canal
External concentric lamellae - answer✔✔rings of compact bone that surround the entire outer
compact bone surface; found immediately internal to bone periosteum
Interstitial lamellae - answer✔✔compact bone remains of a partially resorbed osteon found
between newer, complete osteons
internal circumferential lamellae - answer✔✔Rings of compact bone that line the inner edge of
compact bone tissue, found immediately internal to the endosteum
Central (Haversian) Canal - answer✔✔opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels
and nerves
nutrient foramen - answer✔✔opening in compact bone where vessels and nerves enter and exit
through the periosteum
perforating canals - answer✔✔structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone
shaft.
Osteon structure - answer✔✔-each osteon contains multiple layers of concentric lamellae
surrounding the central canal
-each lamellae is composed of inorganic crystals deposited between collagen fibers
-within each concentric lamellae the collagen fibers are parallel
-90 degrees from collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae
Osteocytes - answer✔✔-osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes
-osteocytes are located between concentric lamellae
-the osteocyte cell body is housed in small open spaces called lacunae
-cellular processes extend from osteocyte cell body and travel within then concentric lamellae
through thin, small spaced called canaliculi
Arrangement of osteocytes - answer✔✔-innermost layer of osteocytes extend cellular processes
to the central canal blood supply
-these osteocytes connect to adjacent osteocytes through extensions by gap junctions found at
their cellular processes
-nutrients and minerals are shared from cell to cell through this system which also allows for
cellular communication within the osteon
periosteum - answer✔✔a double layer sheath that covers and protects outer surface of compact
bone
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers - answer✔✔Tufts of collagen that fuse the periosteum to the outer
compact bone layer
Outer Fibrous Layer - answer✔✔anchors blood vessels (nutrient foramen) and nerves to bone
surface. Attachment site for ligaments and tendons
Inner Cellular Layer - answer✔✔contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
Endosteum - answer✔✔an incomplete, inner cellular layer that lines the trabecular of spongy
bone
-a cellular layer that lines the osteonal canals and larger bone cavities such as the medullar cavity
-cells found here are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
-wherever you have an opening large enough for a blood vessel, you have endosperm, always
have it with canals in compact bone
Spongy Bone - answer✔✔found in interior of bones to varying degrees and locations depending
upon the size and shape of the bone
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