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FSOT STATE DEPARTMENT SUMMARY NOTES QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS
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FSOT STAE DEPARTMENT 2024
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FSOT STATE DEPARTMENT SUMMARY NOTESForeign Service Act of 1980 - ✔️ ✔T ️he most fundamental overhaul of the
foreign service since its creation in 1924. Addressed beauracratic
fragmentation by creating a single foreign service that could be used by any
government agency to carry out work abroad. Laid down basic rules such as
rank-in-person, worldwide availability, up or out, and early retirement.
transformational diplomacy - ✔️ ✔️basically this consists in working with the
partners of the United States with a view to 'build and sustain democratic,
well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and
conduct themselves responsibly in the international system.' In other words,
instead of focusing on relations between states, acting on the states
themselves in order to prevent terrorism, etc.
diplomatic immunity - ✔️ ✔D️iplomats are subject to the laws of the state
that sends them but are exempt from the laws of the state that receives
them. S/he cannot be arrested or detained, is immune to criminal (and I
some cases civil and administrative jurisdictions) of the host country, and
their property cannot be seized. Immunities extend to family members. A
state can wave a diplomat's immunity. The rights and obligations of sending
and receiving states and their envoys were codified in the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations (1961) and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
(1963).
National Security Act 1947 - ✔️ ✔️ This act was a major restructuring of the
United States government's military and intelligence agencies following
World War II. It provided for a single Department of Defense, gave statutory
status to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, established a National Security Council to
advise the President (which included the President, Vice President, Secretary
of State, Secretary of Defense, and other members such as the Director of
the Central Intelligence Agency), and created a Central Intelligence Agency
to gather information and to correlate and evaluate intelligence activities
around the world.
,flexible response - ✔️✔F ️ oreign policy developed under President Kennedy in
response to President Eisenhower's New Look policy. Many felt that a new,
more-flexible approach was needed to address communist-inspired
revolutions in Third World countries. Kennedy's administration believed that
the United States should have a wide variety of military and nonmilitary
responses to such communist provocations. Kennedy presented to Congress
an outline of a strategy that would come to be known as Flexible Deterrent
Options in March 1961, and it was adopted as an official national security
policy of the United States. NATO adopted the strategy in 1967. This policy
allowed the president to respond to a crisis and meet each hostile action with
a proportional reaction. The lines of attack included diplomatic measures
(such as pursuing strong relations with potential allies while being ready to
withdraw embassy personnel on short notice), political measures (such as
increasing the dialogue with the press and releasing frequent public policy
statements), economic measures (such as increasing or canceling American
aid to other countries), and, perhaps most important, military measures
(such as modernizing the U.S. missile fleet, increasing conventional
capabilities, and intensifying training for special forces).
New Look - ✔️ ✔️Foreign policy under President Eisenhower. It entailed
reducing the army from 1,500,000 men in 1953 to 900,000 in 1960. The
navy experienced smaller reductions, while air force expenditures rose.
Eisenhower was primarily interested in deterring a nuclear attack and to that
end promoted expensive developments in nuclear weaponry and long-range
missiles. It relied heavily on the capacity for a devastating assault with
nuclear weapons—the strategy of massive retaliation—to fight Soviet military
provocations, regardless of whether they involved nuclear weapons or not.
This policy was considered inexpensive because the Eisenhower
administration thought it could deter all forms of aggression by the Soviet
Union and China without maintaining large conventional military forces.
However, by the time Kennedy became president, it was recognized that this
policy was not effective in stemming communist-inspired revolutions in Third
World countries.
containment policy - ✔️
✔️This policy that began under President Truman
used numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A
,component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves
by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern
Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. It began to give way during the Vietnam
War, when the price for it in American lives became too high.
domino theory - ✔️ ✔T ️his theory governed much of U.S. foreign policy
beginning in the early 1950s. It held that a communist victory in one nation
would quickly lead to a chain reaction of communist takeovers in neighboring
states. In Southeast Asia, the United States government used it to justify its
support of a non-communist regime in South Vietnam against the communist
government of North Vietnam, and ultimately its increasing involvement in
the long-running Vietnam War (1954-75).
linkage and detente - ✔️ ✔️ The primary Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy during
the Nixon administration. Linkage had two parts: an arms control agreement
with the USSR, and beginning to normalize relations between the US and
Peking (China) instead of Formosa (Taiwan). Detente is the relaxation of
strained relations or tensions between nations and is what the Nixon
administration strived to acheive in Vietnam. Combined, Kissinger argued
that if Moscow and Peking refrained from supplying arms to North Vietnam,
Hanoi would have to agree to peace.
step-by-step diplomacy - ✔️ ✔️In negotiations between erstwhile bitter
adversaries, the approach which favours seeking agreement on relatively
uncontroversial subjects before attempting to tackle the most sensitive ones.
Well known to have been adopted by Henry Kissinger in his Middle East
negotiations in the early 1970s, the theory is that only by this means will the
necessary trust and stability be established to make complete political
resolution of a conflict ultimately possible. It resembles the theory of
functionalism which underpinned the launch of European integration in the
early 1950s. The only problem with this plausible approach is that it takes a
great deal of time, and time is not always available.
shuttle diplomacy - ✔️✔️ A term coined by the members of the media who
followed Kissinger on his various short flights among Middle East capitals as
he sought to deal with the fallout of the October 1973 war.
, gunboat diplomacy - ✔️ ✔F
️oreign policy that is supported by the use or
threat of military force.
Big stick diplomacy - ✔️✔A
️lso called Big Stick policy, in American history,
policy popularized and named by Theodore Roosevelt that asserted U.S.
domination when such dominance was considered the moral imperative. It
comes from his phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
Internationalism - ✔️✔️ A political principle which advocates a greater
political or economic cooperation among nations and peoples, and whose
ideological roots can be traced to both socialism and liberalism.
Isolationism - ✔️ ✔️In general, a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or
interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. A
chief characteristic is not caring very much about what happens elsewhere,
reflected in an unwillingness to spend on foreign affairs. More specifically in
US history, this term refers to America's longstanding reluctance to become
involved in European alliances and wars.
multilateralism - ✔️ ✔A ️simple definition of this term in international
relations is multiple countries working in concert on a given issue. It was
defined by Miles Kahler as "international governance of the 'many,'" and its
central principle was "opposition [of] bilateral discriminatory arrangements
that were believed to enhance the leverage of the powerful over the weak
and to increase international conflict." In 1990, Robert Keohane defined it as
"the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more
states."
democratic enlargement - ✔️ ✔️Term used to describe foreign policy under
President Clinton. It conveys the idea that as free states gained in number
and strength, the international order would grow both more prosperous and
more secure. It also signified a convergence of what used to be considered
separate policies, e.g. foreign economic policy/trade agreements as foreign
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