©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Practice
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - Answer✔️✔️-Peritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other
abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
Answer✔️✔️-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines
with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Answer✔️✔️-Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - Answer✔️✔️-Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
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,©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM
How are free radicals produced? - Answer✔️✔️-1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - Answer✔️✔️-Process of conducting an impulse. Activates
the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - Answer✔️✔️-Point at which depolarization must reach
in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Answer✔️✔️-HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Answer✔️✔️-HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Answer✔️✔️-Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
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, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Answer✔️✔️-Decreased permeability
to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - Answer✔️✔️-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Answer✔️✔️-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - Answer✔️✔️-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - Answer✔️✔️-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
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