©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study
Guide.
Absolute polycythemia - answer✔✔excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic response
resulting from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic hypoxia or as a symptom
of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis - answer✔✔see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease) - answer✔✔an
autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and nerve cells throughout the body
by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome attributable to deficiency of the lysosomal acid
a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy)
throughout the body and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles,
liver, and nervous system.
Acne - answer✔✔a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and back.
It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria.
Acne conglobata - answer✔✔severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions, abscesses,
communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not affect the face.
Acne rosacea - answer✔✔a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle portion of
the face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris - answer✔✔an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually occurring
on the face, upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne - answer✔✔open comedones caused by the enlargement and dilation of a
plug resulting from the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the hair follicle and by
closed comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed; they appear as a tiny,
sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - answer✔✔see Immune deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia - answer✔✔see Anemia.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
ACTH deficiency - answer✔✔a condition characterized by decreased or absent production of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a reduction in the
secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack of appetite, weakness, nausea,
vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis - answer✔✔a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough spot
appears on skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome - answer✔✔a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell disease
defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more new symptoms:
fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most commonly in the 2- to 4-
year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - answer✔✔a massive dilation of the large
bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and immobilized older adults. It is characterized by
significant dilation of the cecum and absence of mechanical obstruction, and is related to
excessive sympathetic motor input or decreased parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS) - answer✔✔a form of delirium caused by interference with the
metabolic or other biochemical processes essential for normal brain functioning. Symptoms may
include disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness, short-term memory deficit, retrograde
and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in orientation, accompanied by restlessness,
apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The condition may be associated with an acute physiologic
state, delirium, toxic psychosis, or acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome - answer✔✔a classification encompassing clinical presentations
ranging from unstable angina through infarction.
Acute cystitis - answer✔✔an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common site of
urinary tract infection.
Acute epiglottitis - answer✔✔an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and
surrounding tissues and may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis - answer✔✔an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually caused by
injury of the protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis - answer✔✔see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis - answer✔✔an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe, which is
swollen, hot, and shiny secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) - answer✔✔see
Thrombocytopenia.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
Acute leukemia - answer✔✔see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) - answer✔✔a rare clinical syndrome resulting from
severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis.
Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - answer✔✔a spectrum of
acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) - answer✔✔see Leukemia.
Acute mesenteric ischemia - answer✔✔caused by acute occlusion of the mesenteric artery that
results in a significant reduction in mucosal blood flow to the large and small intestines. Aortic
aneurysms, arterial thrombi, or emboli can be causes.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) - answer✔✔the presence of a combination of nonspecific
symptoms that appear within a few hours after ascent to altitude, and may include headache, loss
of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lassitude, dizziness, and difficulty sleeping.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - answer✔✔see Leukemia.
Acute orthostatic hypotension - answer✔✔an abnormal decrease in blood pressure when a
person stands. This may lead to fainting.
Acute otitis media (AOM) - answer✔✔an infection of the middle ear space, behind the eardrum
(tympanic membrane); characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of hearing.
Acute pancreatitis - answer✔✔inflammation of the pancreas resulting from obstruction to the
outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g.,
gallstones). Usually a mild disease and resolves spontaneously.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) - answer✔✔see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis - answer✔✔acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis
characterized by small cortical abscesses and yellowish streaks in the medulla resulting from the
accumulation of pus in the collecting tubules and interstitial tissue.
Acute renal failure (acute renal injury) - answer✔✔a sudden decline in kidney function with a
decrease in glomerular filtration and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood as
demonstrated by an elevation in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - answer✔✔capillaries or alveoli of the lungs are
damaged as a result of infection, injury, blood loss, or inhalation injury causing fluid to leak
from the capillaries into the alveoli, resulting in pulmonary edema and collapse of some alveoli.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - answer✔✔the kidney undergoes ischemic or nephrotoxic injury
because of severe hypotension, aminoglycosides, or radiocontrast agents and produces granular
and epithelial cell casts in urine.
Acute urethral syndrome - answer✔✔the bladder is irritated and the typical symptoms of a
urinary tract infection are present in the absence of an infection.
Adenocarcinoma - answer✔✔tumor arising from epithelial cells with a glandular or glandlike
pattern.
Adenocystic tumor (cylindroma) - answer✔✔rare bronchial gland tumors that arise
predominantly in the trachea or large airways and cause obstruction.
Adenomyosis - answer✔✔the presence of islands of endometrial glands surrounded by benign
endometrial stroma within the uterine myometrium.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency - answer✔✔see Immune deficiency.
Adrenarche - answer✔✔growth of axillary and pubic hair and other physiologic changes induced
by hyperactivity of the suprarenal cortex and adrenocortical secretion of androgenic hormones in
early puberty.
Agammaglobulinemia - answer✔✔see Immune deficiency.
Ageusia - answer✔✔loss of the sense of taste.
Agoraphobia - answer✔✔a mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the
familiar setting of home, or venturing into the open; it is so pervasive that a large number of
external life situations are entered into reluctantly or are avoided; often associated with panic
attacks.
Agranulocytosis - answer✔✔see Immune deficiency.
Akinesia - answer✔✔slowness or loss of normal motor function resulting in impaired muscle
movement.
Akinetic mutism (AM) - answer✔✔a syndrome characterized by the inability to speak, loss of
voluntary movement, and apparent loss of emotional feeling. It is related to lesions of the upper
brainstem.
Albright syndrome (Albright-McCune-Sternberg syndrome) - answer✔✔a syndrome
characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, patchy dermal pigmentation, and endocrine
dysfunction.
Alcoholic cirrhosis - answer✔✔see Cirrhosis.
