NUR 370 Patho and Pharm Exam 1 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 370
Institution
NUR 370
What types (4) of injuries can occur to cells? - Toxic injury - Infectious injury - Physical injury - Deficit injury
What is the purpose of negative and positive feedback loops? To maintain homeostasis.
Provide an example of a negative feedback loop. THYROID FUNCTION: - Hypothalamus releases thyr...
NUR 370 Patho and Pharm Exam 1
Practice Questions and Correct Answers
What types (4) of injuries can occur to cells? ✅- Toxic injury
- Infectious injury
- Physical injury
- Deficit injury
What is the purpose of negative and positive feedback loops? ✅To maintain
homeostasis.
Provide an example of a negative feedback loop. ✅THYROID FUNCTION:
- Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
- TRH stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- TSH stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).
- T3 and T4 act to inhibit the pituitary and hypothalamus from releasing more hormones.
Provide an example of a positive feedback loop. ✅CHILDBIRTH:
- Increased pressure of fetus on uterine wall which leads to:
- Nerve endings in the uterine wall carry afferent messages to the hypothalamus which
leads to:
- Production and release of oxytocin into the blood which leads to:
- Increasing strength of uterine contractions which leads to:
- Start the cycle over again.
Simply describe the difference between disease and illness. ✅DISEASE occurs when
homeostasis is not maintained.
ILLNESS occurs when a person is no longer in a state of health.
What are the 2 types of immunity? ✅1) Innate Immunity
2) Adaptive Immunity
What are the 3 lines of defense of the body? ✅1ST LINE:
Physical, Mechanical, and Biochemical Barriers
2ND LINE:
The Inflammatory Response (non-specific immune response)
,Describe some of the physical and mechanical barriers that are part of the body's 1st
line of defense. ✅- Skin and low temperature
- Linings of the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts (highly interconnected junctions,
sloughing off of cells, coughing and sneezing, vomiting, urinating, mucous and cilia)
Describe some of the biochemical barriers that are part of the body's 1st line of defense.
✅1. Epithelial-Derived Chemicals
- Antimicrobial peptides (i.e. cathelicidins, defensins, and collectins in lungs)
2. Bacteria-Derived Chemicals
- Normal bacterial flora inhibit colonization by pathogens and release chemicals that
prevent infection (i.e. vaginal = lactobacillus, skin = pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Describe the inflammatory response. ✅- Second line of defense.
- Non-specific.
- Intensity depends on the extent/severity of the injury and reactive capacity of the
patient.
- Divided into A) vascular response and B) cellular response.
What are some causes of the inflammatory response? ✅- Infection
- Mechanical damage
- Ischemia
- Nutrient deprivation
- Temperature extremes
- Radiation
What are the goals of the inflammatory response? ✅- Neutralize/dilute the
inflammatory agent.
- Remove necrotic material.
- Establish an environment for healing.
What are the 2 types of responses to cell injury? ✅1) Vascular Response
2) Cellular Respon
Briefly describe the steps of the vascular response to cell injury. ✅- Transient
vasoconstriction.
- Fibrin clot forms.
- Release of chemical mediators.
- Local vasodilation.
- Hyperemia.
Briefly describe the steps of the cellular response to cell injury. ✅- Chemotaxis.
- Margination and diapedesis of blood leukocytes.
- Migration of leukocytes to the site of injury.
- Neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes) participate in phagocytosis.
, - Tissue macrophages clean up the area.
What is the primary function of leukocytes? ✅Defend the body against pathogens.
What is the primary function of neutrophils? ✅Phagocytosis of foreign materials.
What is the primary function of eosinophils? ✅Kill parasites.
What is the primary function of basophils? ✅Secrete chemical mediators in
inflammation and allergic reactions.
What is the primary function of monocytes? ✅Phagocytosis; mature into macrophages
in tissues.
What is a chemical mediator? ✅Any messenger that acts on blood vessels,
inflammatory cells or other cells to contribute to any inflammatory response.
What is the source and mechanism of action of the chemical mediator histamine?
✅SOURCE:
Stored in granules of basophils, mast cells, and platelets.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
What is the source and mechanism of action of the chemical mediator kinins (i.e.
bradykinin)? ✅SOURCE:
Arise from polypeptides that circulate in the blood in inactive form (kininogens).
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Cause contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels leading to pain.
What is the source and mechanism of action of the chemical mediator complement
components (i.e. C3a, C4a, C5a)? ✅SOURCE:
Anaphylatoxic agents generated from complement pathway activation.
MECHANISMS OF ACTION:
Stimulate histamine release and chemotaxis.
What is the source and mechanism of action of the chemical mediators prostaglandins
and leukotrienes? ✅SOURCE:
Produced from arachidonic acid.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Prostaglandins contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever;
leukotriene B4 stimulates chemotaxis.
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