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WGU pathophysiology D236 Questions & 100% Correct Answers- Latest Test | Graded A+ | Passed
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What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? ֎ -:- Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pus...

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  • August 27, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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WGU pathophysiology D236 Questions &
100% Correct Answers- Latest Test |
Graded A+ | Passed
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?




How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?


֎ -:- Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane.

There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other,

hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic

pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).




Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure,

high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the

cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.




On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally

deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial

fluid which can lead to edema.




How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased blood

volume and increased blood pressure?




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, Excellence is key | 2024/2025 ~Page |2


֎ -:- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which

in turn begins to secrete renin.




Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to

Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme




Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial

vasoconstriction which raises BP.




Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to

increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased

potassium secretion in urine.




How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?


֎ -:- Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia

refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.




A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle

weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, Excellence is key | 2024/2025 ~Page |3


This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a

heart attack




The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic

Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the

consequence of a pH imbalance


֎ -:- Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH

changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the

protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well




Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis,

respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).


֎ -:- Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm

Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%




Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and

lower = alkalosis




Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels.

This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses.




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

, Excellence is key | 2024/2025 ~Page |4


Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and

PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the

imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.




-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is

metabolic in nature.




The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and measured

anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic

acidosis.




Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?


֎ -:- The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.




Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove

HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an

increase in the AG.




Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie describe

the pathogenesis of diabetes)?




26/08/2024 | © Copyright- This work may not be copied for profit.

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