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BESC 367 - Exam 2 Questions and Answers
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BESC 367 - Exam 2 Questions and Answers
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BESC 367 - Exam 2 Questions andAnswers
Tragedy of the Commons - Answer -Garrett Hardin; Grazing cattle example - too much
cattle on one area of land will destroy the land - leaving no benefit for anyone
Because the environment is a public commons. - Answer -How does Tragedy of the
Commons relate to environment?
Consumption of the good by the individual does not reduce the amount available for
consumption by others; and no one can effectively be excluded from using that good.
Ex: air and water - Answer -What does non excludable and non rival mean? Examples?
Free rider - Answer -People who do not pay for a good but use it
Irrational saints - Answer -ones that are willing to pay for the good
Because the government must act to provide the good, absent government intervention
will result in the environment becoming degraded - Answer -How do free riders relate to
environmental protection?
Externality - Answer -a cost not directly related to production of consumption of a good
or service, and not reflected by market prices
Ethic - Answer -Moral code of right or wrong
Noblesse oblige - Answer -privileged people have a responsibility to act with generosity
and nobility toward those less privileged (environmentally this means human toward
other species)
Direct Regulation/Command and Control/End of pipe - Answer -sets standards and
mandates compliance with punishment for violation of standards, attempts to control
pollution at end of processes rather than preventing emission
Tort Law - Answer -When actions are carried out for a civil wrong that was done
Reacts to existing problems rather than preventing problems - Answer -Issues with tort
law
, Private nuisance - Answer -Pollution that affects a limited number of people, or in a
unique way, that gives someone right to sue
Public nuisance - Answer -Most pollution described as this; affects large amount of
people, only public official can sue
Subsidy - Answer -When the government pays grants or tax credits to encourage
pollution control; more effective when polluter anticipates clean up costs
Desire to beat competitors - Answer -What inhibits success of a subsidy?
Emissions Charge - Answer -When users are charged a fee per unit of pollution emitted
Cap and Trade - Answer -Government sells permits and lets polluters trade these
among each other
Total Pollution Target - Answer -Limit set by the government
Environmental (green) taxes - Answer -Extract money from polluters and channel the
revenue into environmental programs (US passed one for CFCs, Colorado for carbon
tax)
Laissez-Faire - Answer -Free from government interference
National, National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) - Answer -Environmental
policy today is an example of _________ policy, and was marked early on by what act?
Rachel Carson - Answer -Silent Spring
Paul Erlich - Answer -The Population Bomb
Barry Commoner - Answer -The Closing Circle
Santa Barbara, California - Answer -Where was the disastrous oil spill in 1969?
1970 - Answer -When was the first Earth day?
EPA was created, NEPA was passed, and 27 laws/rules improved environmental quality
- Answer -Environmentally, what was done in the 1970s?
Reagan Administration - Answer -What administration pushed for cutting costs and
regulations in the 1980s but reversed due to public disapproval?
Conservative courts and declining economy (during George HW Bush) - Answer -What
contributed to concerns over regulation costs in the 1990s?
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