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UTA 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER TEST 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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UTA 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER TEST 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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UTA 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGYSUMMER TEST 3
Asthma in Children - ANSWERS--Affects boys more often
-Severity is largely based on socioeconomic status
-Vit D deficiency may play a role in asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory and
mediates t-cell immune responses
-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
COPD - ANSWERS--Obstruction of airflow
-Risk factors: TOBACCO USE, occupational dusts/chemicals, indoor air pollutants
Inherited Mutation of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Gene - ANSWERS--Causes emphysema
-Should be considered for anyone who has emphysema under age 40 and do not
smoke
Emphysema - ANSWERS--Dilation of airways and destruction of alveolar walls,
causing a decrease in elastic recoil. Air becomes trapped in lungs and cannot be
completely exhaled. CO2 lingers in lung after exhale and takes up space and does
not allow enough oxygen to be inhaled.
-As amount of air trapped increases, thoracic cavity changes shape to accomodate
increased lung volumes and becomes barrel shaped.
-Alveolar destruction results in formation of bullae in lung tissue, which are
pockets of air and do not assist with gas exchange.
-All of this results in hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and hypercapnia.
,-Patients tend to use pursed lip breathing and tripod position.
-High metabolic rate because shallow, rapid breathing burns lots of calories.
Patients tend to be thin.
-Hyperresonant (very dull) sound with percussion
Chronic Bronchitis - ANSWERS--Marked by productive cough for 3 consecutive
months for 2 years
-Mucous secreting cells in airways undergo a hyperplasia and secrete excessive
amounts of mucous.
-Mucous can be hard to clear due to being thick and impaired ciliary function
-Mucous may plug the airway and impair oxygenation
-Hyperplasia is typically triggered by a chronic irritant, such as smoking
-Poor exercise tolerance, wheezing, dyspnea
-Main sign is decreased FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1 second)
-Hypoxemia causes polycythemia (increased hematocrit) and cyanosis
-May lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (abnormal enlargement
of right side of heart secondary to resp. issues)
Pneumonia - ANSWERS--Inflammatory or infectious process which results in
accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveolar sacs
-Casues: Bacterial, viral, fungal, or aspiration
,Common bacterial causes of pneumonia - ANSWERS--Streptococcus Pneumoniae:
Most common cause of pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated, malnourished, or
cardiopulmonary patients.
-Staphylococcus Aureas: Often a complication of influenza or viral pneumonia.
Elderly, debilitated hospitalized patients or chronic lung disease.
-Streptococcus Pyogenes: Complication of viral infection such as influenza or
measles
-Klebsiella Pneumoniae: Common in hospitalized, debilitated patients, diabetics,
and alcoholics. Elderly infected with this bacteria have a high mortality!
-Haemophilus Influenza: Commonly seen in infants and children. Occurs in adults
with COPD.
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia - ANSWERS--Occurs in any individual who has
had contact with healthcare system
-Patients who have received infusion therapy or dialysis or have resided in a
nursing home within 90 days of the diagnosis are said to have a healthcare-
associated pneumonia
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, E-Coli
, Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia - ANSWERS--Diagnosed 48 hours after admission to
hospital
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, E-Coli
Mitral Valve Stenosis - ANSWERS-- Characterized by NARROWING of mitral valve
- Normal is 4-6 cm
-Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm
- Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER
-More common in WOMEN
-Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the left atrium and down through
the mitral valve to the left ventricle
- Complex: Stenosis leads to volume/pressure in left atrium, which results in atrial
hypertrophy/dilation, which increases pressure/volume in the pulmonary
circulation & causes PULMONARY EDEMA
- Simplified: Skinny mitral valve doesn't let blood pass through easily, so blood
backs up into the left atrium and causes it to swell, then backs up into the lung
and causes resp. symptoms
-S/sx: dyspnea, hemoptysis, a-fib, dysphagia, pulmonary hypertension
Mitral Valve Regurgitation - ANSWERS--Characterized by INCOMPLETE CLOSURE
of mitral valve
-Caused by MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (flaps don't close together properly, leaving
valve ajar); more common in WOMEN; STICKING CHEST PAIN
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