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OAT Biology exam questions and answers
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OAT Biology exam questions and answers
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OAT Biology exam questions and answersMonomers - single molecules that can potentially polymerize.
Polymers - substances made up of many monomers joined together in chains.
Carbohydrates - contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO). They can
come in the form of monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
-preferred energy source since they are easily catabolized and are high yield (4
kcal/gram)
Monosaccharides - carbohydrate monomers with an empirical formula of (CH2O)n
. "n" represents the number of carbons.
Ribose - a five carbon monosaccharide.
Fructose - a six carbon monosaccharide.
Glucose - a six carbon monosaccharide.
Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other (same chemical formula, different
arrangement of atoms).
,OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Disaccharides - contain two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic
bond. It is the result of a dehydration (condensation) reaction, where a water
molecule leaves and a covalent bond forms. A hydrolysis reaction is the opposite,
through which a covalent bond is broken by the addition of water.
-can undergo hydrolysis to release two carbohydrate monomers, which can enter
glycolysis
Sucrose - disaccharide made of glucose + fructose
Lactose - disaccharide made of galactose + glucose
Maltose - disaccharide made of glucose + glucose
Polysaccharides - contain multiple monosaccharides connected by glycosidic
bonds to form long polymers.
Starch - form of energy storage for plants and is an alpha (α) bonded
polysaccharide. Linear starch is called amylose; the branched form is amylopectin.
Glycogen - form of energy storage for humans and is an alpha (α) bonded
polysaccharide. It has much more branching than starch
,OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Cellulose - structural component in plant cell walls, and is a beta (β) bonded
polysaccharide. Linear strands packed rigidly in parallel.
Chitin - structural component in fungi cell walls and insect exoskeletons. It is a
beta (β) bonded polysaccharide with nitrogen added to each monomer.
Proteins - contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms (CHON). These
atoms combine to form amino acids, which link together to build polypeptides (or
proteins)
-east desirable energy source because the processes to get them into cellular
respiration take considerable energy and proteins are needed for many essential
functions in the body
-broken down into amino acids, which must first undergo oxidative deamination
(removal of NH3) before being shuttled to various parts of cellular respiration -->
Ammonia (NH3) is toxic, so it must be converted into uric acid or urea depending
on the species and excreted from the body. For example, humans convert
ammonia into urea, which is excreted as urine
proteome - refers to all the proteins expressed by one type of cell under one set
of conditions.
, OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Polypeptides - polymers of amino acids and are joined by peptide bonds through
dehydration (condensation) reactions.
-polypeptide becomes an amino acid chain that contains two end terminals on
opposite sides
Hydrolysis reactions - break peptide bonds
N-terminus (amino terminus) - the side that ends with the last amino acid's amino
group.
C-terminus (carboxyl terminus) - polypeptide is the side that ends with the last
amino acid's carboxyl group
Protein structure - 1. Primary structure - sequence of a.a..
2. Secondary structure - intermolecular forces between the polypeptide backbone
(not R-groups) due to hydrogen bonding. Forms α-helices or β-pleated sheets.
3. Tertiary structure - three-dimensional structure due to interactions between R-
groups. Can create hydrophobic or hydrophilic spaces based on the R-groups.
Disulfide bonds are created by covalent bonding between the R-groups of two
cysteine a.a.'s.
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