NSG533 / NSG 533 Exam 1 (Latest 2024 /
2025): Advanced Pharmacology | Complete
Review Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Grade A - Wilkes
what are the three main systems that regulate total body
sodium? - ANS-1. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
2. Natriuretic Peptide Sys...
what are the three main systems that regulate total body
sodium? - ANS-1. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
2. Natriuretic Peptide System
3. Antidiuretic Hormone System
what is the goal of RAAS? - ANS-increase BP
what is the goal of the Natriuretic Peptide System? - ANS-
decrease BP
define solute - ANS-A substance that is dissolved in a
solution.
define osmolality - ANS-measurement of total solute
concentration in fluid
equation of calculating serum osmolality - ANS-2 x (sodium
concentration) + (glucose concentration/18) + (BUN/2.8)
define tonicity - ANS-the ability of a solution to cause a cell
to gain or lose water
,list the solutes that are capable of changing tonicity - ANS-
sodium, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol
define effective osmoles - ANS-solutes that are capable of
changing tonicity
why is urea known as an ineffective osmole? - ANS-it easily
crosses cell membranes and distributes evenly throughout
total body fluids
what is normal body fluid osmolality - ANS-280-294
mOsm/kg (milliosmoles per kilogram)
what is an isotonic solution? - ANS-when there is an equal
concentration of solutes in the ICF and ECF
types of isotonic fluids - ANS-1. Lactated Ringers
2. 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)
3. 5% Dextrose in 0.225% Saline
4. 0.9% Saline
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANS-
idiopathic and cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - ANS-etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - ANS-the new number of
cases in a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - ANS-number of cases,
both old and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and
death - ANS-1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease - ANS-ATP
deletion
, what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANS-1.
Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANS-2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANS-
36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired? - ANS-1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - ANS-reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANS-obstruction
--> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a)
sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased
anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails
due to decreased ATP production - ANS-normally, most
sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions
are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O
and calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
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