Bio 1500 Final Exam Mizzou 1 Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success
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Course
Bio 1500 Mizzou 1
Institution
Bio 1500 Mizzou 1
• Describe the electron transport chain - how it works and what it accomplishes - proton gradient
forms and H+ pushes thru ATP synthase, creating ATP- formed from NADH and FADH2-electrons adopted
by H20 (O2 is the last electron acceptor)
• Explain what residual lung volume refers to and why ...
Bio 1500 Final Exam Mizzou 1
• Describe the electron transport chain - how it works and what it accomplishes - proton gradient
forms and H+ pushes thru ATP synthase, creating ATP- formed from NADH and FADH2-electrons adopted
by H20 (O2 is the last electron acceptor)
• Explain what residual lung volume refers to and why it exists - Residual volume is the volume
that is never exchanged. It is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Residual
volume exists because if not, our lungs would collapse.
• Connect molecular changes during O2 binding to cooperative O2 binding properties of Hb -
cooperative binding describes the process in which the protein structure binds easier to O2
molecules once the first molecule binds, (opens more)
-No O2 = bent/tense state
-w/ O2 = flat/relaxed state
• Connect variation in gene expression with differentiation/specialization of cells. - their reasons
for being expressed or not expressed relies on their function, ex: when we have all of our teeth the gene
for tooth production gets turned off
• Define convergent evolution - same traits evolve independently because of same selection
pressure
• Define high and low affinity in the context of Hb and O2 - high= grabs O2 easily, but holds onto it
tightly (lungs)
low= releases O2 easier
• Describe evidence that increased atmospheric temperatures are the result of an increase in
greenhouse gas composition rather than changes in the sun - Although solar irradiance and
temperature used to be correlated, the recent increase in temperature cannot be explained by an
increase in solar irradiance.
• Describe how the geological history of the Himalayas explains why the bar-headed geese migrate over
them. - the mountain formations are relatively new compared to how long the geese have been
flung that path, it gave them time to adapt to the elevation over many generations
• Describe how the structure of our respiratory system facilitates gas exchange - -Alveoli: close
contact of air and blood-separated by thickness of 2 cells-Diffusion moves O2 and CO2 from high to low
concentration-O2 binds to hemoglobin in RBC--removes it from solution, keeps O2 concentration low---
and diffusion going fast
,trachea, bronchi tubes to bronchioles branches to alveolar ducts to alveoli sacs- the sacs have capillary
network where gas exchange happens
• Describe one mechanism by which the virus evades the host immune system - by having a
methylated cap
• Describe the differences in atmospheric gases between sea level and the Himalayas. - -sea level:
O2: 21kpa, CO2: .04kpa
-mountain: (shorter air column- O2: 7kpa, CO2: .01kpa This is because O2 makes up the same
percentage of the air molecules at high altitudes, but the total number of air molecules there is lower
than at sea level.
• Describe the hypothesized reasons for the decline in O2 during the late Permian - -drier climate:
reduction in photosynthesis
-decomposition facilitated by sandy sediments
-fungi evolved that can break down lignin-->reduced burial of carbon-->O2 levels drop as more carbon
enters cellular respiration
so many species used O2 that there wasn't enough in atm to keep up with metabolic rates--great dying
time bc many were unable to live
• Describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change. - They would likely
chase food source and the preferable high altitude and go up the mountain, until they no longer can
• Describe the role of the proton gradient and ATP synthase - 12 hydrogens pushed through
synthase to produce 4 ATP, pushing a P on ADP so close that they form a bond and store energy
• Describe the vaccines that have been developed against SARS-CoV-2: how they work and how they
differ from vaccines of the past - BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna inject mRNA of SARS-CoV-2 spike
protein in lipid nano-particle
Astra Zeneca/University of Oxford- modified chimp Adeno virus-containing spike protein mRNA
• Describe two pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 enters cells - 1. endocytotic pathway: into the
endosome, fuses with endosome membrane, empties genome into the host
2. receptor-mediated fusion: bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell, fuse with the cell membrane,
empty genes into the host cell
• Describe unusual features of the Páramo ecosystems of the Andes - -The paramo ecosystem can
only be found in the Andes mountains above 12,500 feet in elevation.
-Air is so thin, you can lose your breath standing still
-Weather can be rainy and snowy, and every day the temperature fluctuates from below freezing to
around 60 degrees.
, -Has one of the world's most diverse high-altitude ecosystems with 5,000 species, 3,000 of these live
nowhere else on Earth
• Differentiate between structural and non-structural proteins - -structural: make up capsid and
new virions
-non-structural: don't go into final virus particles
- just take over cell's protein productions
• Differentiate between the concentration (or percentage) of gas in the atmosphere and its partial
pressure - the concentration in the atmosphere stays the same, but the total number of air
molecules can change depending on elevation
• Explain how fermentation differs from cellular respiration and the situations in which it occurs -
Fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen and glycolysis pyruvate processing, no
citric acid cycle because it requires O2. Glycolysis is the only source of ATP
• Explain how gradients are used in cells using the example of ATP Synthase - The gradient for ATP
synthase drives the movement of the protons from the intermembrane space through the membrane
against concentration to create ATP
• Explain how the circular processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration result in the cycling of
carbon within ecosystems. - photosynthesis uses CO2 while CR makes it
• Explain the basic properties required of an O2 transport molecule, i.e. why transporters need to have
complex affinity - it needs to have cooperative binding properties
1. effectively bind O2 in the lung-->high affinity
2. easily release O2 in the body--> low affinity
• Explain the function of the air sacs and how the airflow in birds directs oxygen-rich air through the
lungs at all stages of respiration - Bird:-parabronchi: site of gas exchange, fixed shape-air sacs to
"store" fresh and used air-inhale: into posterior air sac--> through PB into anterior air sac-exhale: from
anterior air sac--> from posterior air sac through PB-Fresh air in PB during inhalation and exhalation-air
flow in PB in ONE direction only**ATMOSPHERIC pO2 in LUNGthere is a unidirectional flow in which CO2
and O2 never mix, its always fresh
• Explain the general mechanism of how enzymes function - they help bonds form in chem rxns.
They bring particles close and lower activation energy
• Explain the importance of Lignin and Lignin Decomposition on the rise and fall of O2 levels during the
Carboniferous - lignin allowed for bigger plants and more PS. It led to coal formation. Lignin
decomp let out more C and less O2. Leads to excess O2 in atm. Lignin decomp reduces that excess O2
• Explain the steps involved in the evolution of the high-altitude Hb, using the terms selection, mutation,
protein structure, affinity, variation, alleles, phenotype, heritable. - the phenotypes in geese are
variable. the offspring have similar phenotypes as parents (heritable). When there is a mutation due new
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