Class notes
Bio 140 Respiration and Fermentation Notes
- Course
- JMU Bio 140
- Institution
- James Madison University
This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Respiration and Fermentation for Bio 140. *Essential!! * Precise!! ,* For you!!
[Show more]
Content preview
Ryann SzakalyRespiration and Fermentation
Essay: Glycolysis 1
Respiration and Fermentation
● Takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm of the mitochondria
● Fermentation
○ A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
○ Usually Anaerobic
● Aerobic Respiration
○ Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
○ Anaerobic is similar but consumes compounds other than O2
● Cellular respiration
○ Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes but is often used to refer to aerobic
respiration
○ C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat)
Redox
● Redox Reactions
○ Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
○ Aka Oxidation-reduction reactions
○ Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in
covalent bonds
■ Ex.
● The reaction between methane and O2
● Oxidation
○ A substance loses electrons, is oxidized
● Reduction
○ A substance that gains electrons, is reduced
○ The amount of positive charge is reduced
● Example
○ Na + Cl ---> Na+ + Cl-
○ Na becomes oxidized and loses an electron
○ Cl becomes reduced and gains an electron
● Reducing Agent
○ The electron donor
● Oxidizing Agent
○ The electron acceptor
● NAD+
○ Electrons from organic compounds are usually transferred here
○ A coenzyme
○ Functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
, ● NADH
○ The reduced form of NAD+
○ Represents stored energy that is trapped to synthesize ATP
○ Passes the electron transport chain
■ Located in the intermembrane
● Electron Transport Chain
○ Electrons are passed to increasingly electronegative carrier molecules down the
chain through a series of redox reactions
○ Electrons transfer to oxygen occurs in a series of energy-releasing steps instead of
one explosive reaction
○ The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP
○ 1) Uncontrolled Reaction
■ The one-step exergonic reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water
releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat and light: an
explosion
○ 2) Cellular Respiration
■ The same reaction occurs in stages: An electron transport chain breaks the
“fall” of electrons in this reaction into a series of smaller steps and stores
some of the released energy in a form that can be used to make ATP. (The
rest of the energy is released as heat.)
● Glycolysis
○ Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol
○ Pyruvate oxidation and the citric cycle completes the breakdown of glucose in the
mitochondrial matrix
○ Oxydative Phosphorilation
■ Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis and occurs in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria
■ Accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration
○ Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
■ A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric cycle
■ An enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule
to ADP
○ For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell
makes up to 32 molecules of ATP
○ 1) Hexokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glucose, making it more
chemically reactive. The charge on the phosphate also traps the sugar in the cell
○ 2) Glucose 6- phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75632 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now