Catalysts - ANSWER--Stabilize the transition states
-Reduce the activation energy
Competitive Inhibition - ANSWER--Binds at active site
-No change in Vmax
-Increases Km
,Non-Competitive Inhibition - ANSWER--Binds at allosteric site
-Decreases Vmax
-No change in Km
Uncompetitive Inhibition - ANSWER--Binds at allosteric site of ES complex
-Decreases Vmax
-Decreases Km
Mixed Inhibition - ANSWER--Binds at allosteric site of E along or ES complex
-Decreases Vmax
-Varied effects on Km
Glycolysis - ANSWER--Occurs in the cytosol
-O2 in not needed
PCD/Krebs Cycle - ANSWER--Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
-O2 is indirectly needed
Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANSWER--Occurs in the
mitochondrial inner membrane
-O2 is directly needed
Fermentation - ANSWER-Pyruvate --> Ethanol (yeast) or Lactic Acid (muscle)
Glycogenesis - ANSWER--High blood glucose
-Insulin produced
-Glucose converted to glycogen
-Stored in liver and lesser extent in muscle
Glycogenolysis - ANSWER--Low blood glucose
-Glucagon produced
-Glycogen converted to glucose in the liver
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - ANSWER--Produces NADPH
-Reducing power
-Fatty acid synthesis
-Eliminate reactive oxygen species
-Ribose-5 phosphate --> nucleotide synthesis
Fatty Acid Oxidation - ANSWER--Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
-Linked to acetyl-CoA
,-Conezymes used are FAD and NAD+
-2 ATP input makes lots of energy
Fatty Acid Synthesis - ANSWER--Occurs in the cytosol
-Starting Materials: acetyl-coA and malonyl-CoA
-Coenzyme used is NADPH
-Requires a lot of energy
Ketogenesis - ANSWER--During long term starvation
-Blood glucose is low
-Fatty acids oxidized increase levels of acetyl CoA
-Acetyl CoAs react together to form ketone bodies
-Ketone bodies enter the brain and are reconverted to acetyl-CoA (primary source of
energy for the brain during starvation)
Pyrimidines - ANSWER--Cystosine
-Thymine
-Uracil
Pyramids are sharp so they "CUT" you
Purines - ANSWER--Adenine
-Guanine
AG (silver) is "pure"
A-T Base Pairing - ANSWER-2 hydrogen bonds
G-C Base Pairing - ANSWER-3 hydrogen bonds
DNA Gyrase - ANSWER-Helps prevent supercoiling in prokaryotes
Heterochromatin - ANSWER-Inactive, tightly bound
Euchromatin - ANSWER-Active, loosely bound
Centromere - ANSWER--Region on chromosome (in the middle)
-Mitotic spindle attaches here
-Holds replicated DNA together during mitosis
Central Dogma - ANSWER-DNA replication --> Transcription into RNA --> Translation
into proteins
, Start Codon - ANSWER--AUG = Methionine
Stop Codons - ANSWER--UAA (you are annoying)
-UGA (you go away)
-UAG (you are gross)
Human Genome - ANSWER--46 chromosomes
-23 chromosome pairs from each parent
Polymerase Errors - ANSWER-1.) Point mutations
2.) Small repeats
3.) Insertions/deletions (small, frameshift)
Endogenous Damage (Reactive Oxygen Species or Physical Damage) - ANSWER-1.)
Oxidized DNA
2.) Crosslinked bases
3.) Physical damage
4.) These can lead to polymerase errors
Exogenous Damage (Radiation or Chemicals) - ANSWER-1.) UV radiation = pyrimidine
dimers
2.) X-rays = double-stranded breaks and translocation
3.) Chemicals = can lead to physical damage or to intercalation and those polymerase
errors
Point Mutations - ANSWER--Single base pair change
1.) Missense
2.) Nonsense
3.) Silent
Missense Mutation - ANSWER--Codon for amino acid becomes new codon for new
amino acid
-Change in the amino acid results
Nonsense Mutation - ANSWER--Codon for amino acid becomes STOP codon
-Shortened protein results
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