AP Biology Unit 1, Unit 2 with Complete Solutions | Guaranteed Success
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Course
AP Biology
Institution
AP Biology
AP Biology Unit 1, Unit 2 with Complete
Solutions | Guaranteed Success
Matter - Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Element - Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances
through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.
Compound - Substance consisting o...
Matter -✔✔ Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Element -✔✔ Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances
through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.
Compound -✔✔ Substance consisting of two or more different elements
combined in a fixed ratio.
*Characteristics different than those of its elements
CHON -✔✔ 4 elements essential to life
Trace Elements -✔✔ Required by an organism only in minute quantities.
Atom -✔✔ Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.
Subatomic particles -✔✔ Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.
Proton -✔✔ One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located
in nucleus.
Electron -✔✔ One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.
,Atomic Nucleus -✔✔ Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.
Neutrons -✔✔ Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.
Atomic Number -✔✔ The number of protons (which is unique to that
element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us
number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral
Mass Number -✔✔ Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation
of the atomic mass.
Isotopes -✔✔ Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
and therefore different mass. Same element.
Radioactive Isotope -✔✔ One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously,
giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have
useful applications.
Energy -✔✔ Capacity to cause change
Potential Energy -✔✔ Energy matter possesses because of its location or
structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.
Electron Shells -✔✔ Where electrons are found, each with characteristic
average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by
absorbing or losing energy.
Valence Electrons -✔✔ Electrons in the outermost shell.
, Chemical Bonds -✔✔ The attraction that holds atoms together during an
interaction.
Covalent Bond -✔✔ Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Molecule -✔✔ Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Single Bond -✔✔ One pair of shared electrons.
Structural Formula -✔✔ H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and
bonding.
Double Bond -✔✔ Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.
Valence -✔✔ Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons
required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.
Electronegativity -✔✔ The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the
electrons of a covalent bond.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond -✔✔ Covalent bond in which electrons are shared
equally.
Polar Covalent Bond -✔✔ Where one atom is bonded to a more
electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.
Ionic Bonds -✔✔ The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of
electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.
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