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Exam (elaborations)

AP Biology Midterm Review Exam with Complete Solutions | 2024/2025 Update

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AP Biology Midterm Review Exam with Complete Solutions | 2024/2025 Update Dehydration - connecting monomers together by the removal of water Hydrolysis - disassembling polymers by the addition of water Disaccharides - glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galac...

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  • August 22, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • AP Biology
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AP Biology Midterm Review Exam with

Complete Solutions | 2024/2025 Update


Dehydration - ✔✔connecting monomers together by the removal of water

Hydrolysis - ✔✔disassembling polymers by the addition of water

Disaccharides - ✔✔glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose =

sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose

Polysaccharides - ✔✔Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)

Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)

*Lipids - ✔✔hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon

chains

Fats - ✔✔consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy,

saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated =

double bond (kink)

Phospholipids - ✔✔consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid

tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic

, Protein structure and organization - ✔✔composed of an amino group, a

carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and

folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or

pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)

Protein functions (8) - ✔✔1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4)

transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8)

structural proteins

*Nucleic Acids - ✔✔DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C)

manufactures proteins

Nuclear Envelope - ✔✔double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where

genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER

Chromatin - ✔✔uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell

division

Nucleolus - ✔✔nonmembranous structure involved in production of

ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these

Rough ER - ✔✔covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins

produced by ribosomes

Smooth ER - ✔✔metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of

carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons)

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