What factors serve to moderate the psychological and behavioral expression of brain lesions? - Answer
1. Laterality/side
2. Site of the lesion
3. Size of the lesion
4. Depth of the lesion (facial droop to complete right hemiplasia)
5. Velocity (speed @ which it progresses)
6. Chronicity (...
Neuropsychology Exam 4 Latest
Questions Fully Solved.
What factors serve to moderate the psychological and behavioral expression of brain lesions? - Answer
1. Laterality/side
2. Site of the lesion
3. Size of the lesion
4. Depth of the lesion (facial droop to complete right hemiplasia)
5. Velocity (speed @ which it progresses)
6. Chronicity (vs acute): how long has it been since to onset of a lesion
7. Etiology (cause)
Differentiate between corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts - Answer corticobulbar tracts: descending
tracts from the neocortex that innervate facial motor neurons; are initially part of the corticospinal tracts
*movement from the shoulders up
corticospinal tracts: bundle fibers directly connecting the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord *movement
from the shoulders down
*the terms bulbar and spinal indicate where the tracts end
Differentiate between pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems - Answer -alternate name of the
corticospinal tracts
-voluntary motor tracts
-pyramids = on medulla
??
Akinesia vs. Hyperkinesia - Answer Akinesia: absence or poverty of movement (Parkinson's disease)
Hyperkinesia: condition in which movements of a part or all of the body increases (tourettes)
,Precentral Gyrus - Answer -Area 4
-primary motor cortex
-forms a major part of corticospinal tract
-output layer
-agranular cortex: a layer is missing (largest human neurons are found here discovered by Betz)
Wiki:The primary motor cortex is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the
frontal lobe. It works in association with other motor areas including premotor cortex, the
supplementary motor area, posterior parietal cortex, and several subcortical brain regions, to plan and
execute movements. Primary motor cortex is defined anatomically as the region of cortex that contains
large neurons known as Betz cells. Betz cells, along with other cortical neurons, send long axons down
the spinal cord to synapse onto the interneuron circuitry of the spinal cord and also directly onto the
alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord which connect to the muscles. The primary motor cortex contains
a rough map of the body, with different body parts controlled by partially overlapping regions of cortex
arranged from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom) along a fold in
the cortex called the central sulcus. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a map that controls mainly the
opposite side of the body.
Premotor Cortex - Answer -area 6, 44-45 and Broca's area (little of area 8)
-cerebral cortex lying immediately anterior to the motor cortex; includes several functional areas,
especially the supplementary motor area and Broca's area
-functions: disgranular/transitional cortex: motor programming; choose behavior in response to external
cues
Wiki:The premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just
anterior to the primary motor cortex. It occupies part of Brodmann's area 6. It has been studied mainly
in primates, including monkeys and humans. The functions of the premotor cortex are diverse and not
fully understood. It projects directly to the spinal cord and therefore may play a role in the direct control
of behavior, with a relative emphasis on the trunk muscles of the body. It may also play a role in planning
movement, in the spatial guidance of movement, in the sensory guidance of movement, in
understanding the actions of others, and in using abstract rules to perform specific tasks. Different
subregions of the premotor cortex have different properties and presumably emphasize different
functions.
Prefrontal Cortex - Answer -Areas 9-15, 24, 46-47
, -functions: "regulatory cortex"; executive functions (ex self-control); controls cognitive processes so that
appropriate movements are selected at the correct time and place. This selection may be controlled by
internalized infer or by external cues or it may made in response to context or self-knowledge
-book: cortex lying in front of the primary and secondary motor cortex and thus the associate, or tertiary,
cortex in the frontal lobe
wiki: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the
motor and premotor areas.
This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression,
decision making, and moderating social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to
be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.
Cingulate Gyrus - Answer "limbic system"
-involved in emotion, anxiety
wiki: a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the
cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and
drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).
Granular Cortex - Answer ?
Agranular Cortex - Answer ?
Dorsolateral frontal cortex - Answer -areas 9 and 46
-functions according to wiki: DL-PFC serves as the highest cortical area responsible for motor planning,
organization, and regulation. It plays an important role in the integration of sensory and mnemonic
information and the regulation of intellectual function and action. It is also involved in working memory.
However, DL-PFC is not exclusively responsible for the executive functions. All complex mental activity
requires the additional cortical and subcortical circuits with which the DL-PFC is connected *truth telling
and lucid dreams
book: selection of behavior according to temporal memory
*receives its main inputs from the posterior parietal areas and the superior temporal sulcus (also has
connections to cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia and superior colliculus)
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