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South University, Savannah > NSG 5003 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM TEST BANK
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South University, Savannah > NSG 5003 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM TEST BANK
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an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasmaCytoplasm, or the cytoplasmic matrix, is
membrane.
The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm and are enclosed in biologic membranes.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the
of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend organelles. Importantly, the ER is responsible for protein folding and sensing cell stress.
throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It
specializes
The Golgi complex is a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus.
processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles that break away from the
The Golgi complex is responsible for Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular destinations,
including the plasma membrane.
Lysosomes are saclike structures that digesting most cellular substances completely to their basic components, such as
originate from the Golgi complex and amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
contain digestive enzymes. these enzymes
are responsible for
Cellular debris is encapsulated within a a lysosome to complete its degradation, a process call autophagy.
vesicle that reacts with
Autophagy plays a crucial role in health and disease.
Peroxisome are similar to lysosomes but contain several oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and urate oxidase.
Mitochondria are found in great numbers in cellular respiration and energy production.
most cells and are responsible for
The enzymes of the respiratory chain most of the cell's ATP.
(electron transport chain), found in the inner
membrane of the mitochondria, generates
Vaults are cytoplasmic organelles also ribonucleoproteins.
called
cellular "trucks" carrying mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein
Vaults are thought to function as
synthesis.
The cytoskeleton is the "bone and muscle" of the cell.
Cytoskeleton-The internal skeleton is a network of protein filaments including microtubules and actin filaments
composed of (microfilaments)
by controlling the movement of substances across it, exert a powerful influence on
The plasma membrane encloses the cell and
metabolic pathways.
The plasma membrane is a bilayer of lipids discrete units called microdomains.
and proteins not uniformly distributed but
can separate into
Membrane functions are determined largely proteins.
by
1- recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the
cell.
2-pores or transport channels.
Membrane functions include the following: 3- enzymes that drive active pumps.
4-cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins
5- cell adhesion molecules
6- catalysts of chemical reactions.
A protein is made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides.
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