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Immunology and Serology (TEST II) questions with correct answers 2024/2025
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Immunology and Serology (TEST II) questions with correct answers 2024/2025
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Immunology and Serology (TEST II)3 types of Unlabeled Immunoassays - ANSPrecipitation
Agglutination
Electrophoresis
Precipitation involves combining __1__ with __2__ to produce insoluble complexes that are
visible - ANS1) soluble antigen
2) soluble antibody
Agglutination is a process by which __1__ (bacterial cells, RBCs, etc.) aggregate to form larger
complexes when a specific __2__ is present. Antibody can also be __3__ if linked to __4__ -
ANS1) particulate Ag
2) Ab
3) particulate
4) latex beads
Affinity - ANSStrength of binding of one Fab with one epitope on an antigen
(Strength of binding between a single antigenic determinant and an individual antibody)
The higher the __1__, the more __2__ the reaction because of what? - ANS1) affinity
2) sensitive
Because less of the antigen will be in the uncompleted form
Avidity - ANSMeasure of the overall strength of binding of an antigen with many antigenic
determinants and multivalent antibodies
(Binding is often with multiple epitopes to multiple antibodies = the total strength or avidity)
Why are precipitation reactions the least sensitive serologic methodologies? - ANSIt requires
high concentrations of antigen and antibodies for detection
3 zones of a precipitin curve - ANSProzone
Equivalence
Postzone
Zone of Equivalence: affect on the amount of precipitation - ANSAg and Ab meet at a
concentration where the number of antibody binding sites (paratopes) approximately equals the
number of epitopes (Ag and Ab molecules are at an optimal ratio)
Prozone: affect on the amount of precipitation - ANSLittle or no precipitate would form making it
seem like the patient didn't have antibody to the antigen.
Antibody-excess zone
, Postzone: affect on the amount of precipitation - ANSPatient Ab is low thus little or no
precipitation occurs
Antigen-excess zone
Nephalometry (3) - ANSInsoluble lattice complexes diffract light.
Detector is usually placed at a 70-90° angle from the light source.
As concentration of the analyte increases so does the cloudiness
Turbidometry (3) - ANSInsoluble lattice complexes block transmitted light.
Detector is placed in line with the light source
As concentration of the analyze increases so does the cloudiness
3 things in common for both Nephalometry and Turbidometry - ANSVery quantitative
Not sensitive
Must measure high concentration analytes
Nephelometry best at measuring what? - ANSBest at measuring very fine precipitates
Soluble antibody/antigen
Turbidometry best at measuring what? - ANSBest at measuring larger precipitates/small
aggregates
Can be used with small latex bead reagents
Immunodiffusion theory (3) - ANSAg and Ab are placed in wells
Diffusion occurs at a constant rate outward
Concentration near center of application but as it diffuses the concentration decreases
Ouchterlony is a ____ immunodiffusion gel precipitation. - ANSdouble-diffusion
Radial immunodiffusion (RIA) is a ____ immunodiffusion gel precipitation - ANSsingle-diffusion
Ouchterlony 2 uses: - ANSTest if an antibody response developed
Antigenic relationship between two antigens can be analyzed
Ouchterlony is a __1__ procedure to identify __2__ against __3__. - ANS1) qualitative
2) antibodies
3) infectious agents
Ouchterlony allows determination of whether the unknown is __1__, __2__, or __3__.
Ouchterlony can also be used to detect __4__ infections - ANS1) identical
2) partially identical
3) nonidentical with the known Ag
4) fungal
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