Exam (elaborations)
BBH 451 PSU Final Exam Graded A+ 2024
- Course
- Institution
BBH 451 PSU Final Exam Graded A+ 2024
[Show more]
Content preview
BBH 451 PSU Final Exam Graded 2024_________ was seen in Animal Models to induce death of dopamine neurons -
ANSWER-MPTP
*** effects could be blocked by Clenbuterol
(1)
Sympathetic --> _____________ (stimulate/inhibit) --> ___________Ne/Ach
Parasympathetic --> _____________ (stimulate/inhibit) --> ___________Ne/Ach -
ANSWER-Sympathetic --> stimulate --> NE
Para --> inhibit --> ach
(1)
Downregulation = _______________________ (tolerance/sensitization) - ANSWER-
Tolerance
(1)
________________ signaling is IONIC within cell, but could not use to jump from one
neuron to another - ANSWER-Electrical
(1)
Agonist:
Antagnoist: - ANSWER-Agonist: mimics action of neurotransmitter
Antagonist: blocks action of neurotransmitter
(1)
Dopamine Transporter has how many transmembrane domains? - ANSWER-12
(1)
Dose vs Dosage - ANSWER-Dose: Amount taken (10 mg)
Dosage: amount of drug/ body weight (concentration)
(1)
Electrical Signaling
,Maintains _______________ ___________________ --> difference in concentration of
ions between inside and outside (EX: pressure of water in hose) - ANSWER-Voltage
Potential
(1)
Excitatory:
Inhibitory:
Modulator: - ANSWER-Excitatory: Increase prob neuron will fire
Inhibitory: Decrease prob neuron firing
Modulator:
EX: Dopamine modules cell to make more likely to fire in certain situations and less
likely in others
(1)
Function of Nervous System: - ANSWER-1. Receive info from what's going on in
environment
2. Process info
3. Respond (execute some sort of action
(1)
What does the half-life tell us? - ANSWER-How long a drug stays in body (kidney
filtering out)
(1)
Steroid Hormone Receptors are where? - ANSWER-Not within membrane but INSIDE
cell
** has to dissolve in and get to the receptor which is in the cell
** Lipophillic
(1)
A cocaine receptor is which type? - ANSWER-Dopamine Transporter
(1)
ADME (pharmacokinetics) - ANSWER-Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
,(1)
Affinity:
Efficacy:
Toxicity:
Potency: - ANSWER-Affinity: Kd = how tightly drug binds to receptor (effects potency) --
> potency is measured by concentration of drug at 50% potency point ** where slope
changes
Efficacy: ED50 = effective dose
Toxicity: LD50 = lethal dose
Potency: Strength (KD + ED)
(1)
Biosynthesis and Catabolism of AMINES
How neurotransmitters generated? (with example of dopamine) - ANSWER-Tyrosine -->
Tyrosine Hydroxylase) --> L-Dopa --> Dopa Decarboxylase --> Dopamine --> Dopamine
B-hydroxylase --> NE
(1)
Clinical Trials
Investigational New Drug (IND)
- after animal research --> make it to FDA
Phase I:
Phase II:
Phase III:
PHase IV: - ANSWER-Phase I: SAFETY; small sample; take for first time every
Phase II: EFFECTIVENESS & SAFETY; small pop ask if doing what intended; give to
HEALTHY individuals (could recover)
Phase III: Efficacy & STANDARD of safety; drugs already out there so just seeing if
better; against gold standard; larger pop (is drug equally as effective?)
Phase IV: Post-marketing; optimal use and safety; what is going to happen in population
in general
(1)
Describe Steroid Hormone Receptors - ANSWER-Directly Transcriptional --> receptor
driven action
, 1. changes confirmation (shape) makes possible for receptor to get within nucleus and
bind to DNA (specific sequences) and turn on/off transcription
(1)
Discrete drugs having discrete behaviors because acting on discrete ___________ -
ANSWER-neurons
(1)
Dopamine transporters take neurons from _____________ of cell to ___________ of
cell - ANSWER-outside; inside
** reuptake
** against gradient
(1)
Downregulation vs upregulation - ANSWER-Downregulation = Tolerance
1. AGONIST
2. Excessive transmitter molecules available
3. Chronic stimulation
4. # of receptor sites DECREASES
5. REDUCE effect (desnsitization)
EX: Heroin constantly occupying opiate site then over time the post syn neuron will no
longer respond to normal amounts of heroin (need more)
Upregulation = Sensitization
1. ANTAGONIST
2. don't get any signalling
3. Put more recepotrs out on surface
4. Number of transmitters available at possyn decrease then receptors increase
EX: Antipsychotic meds --> block dopamine receptor --> up reg --> additional receptors
--> overactive -->
If remove the antagonist -- heightened degree of signalling
(1)
Electrical signaling vs chemical signaling - ANSWER-Electrical Signaling --> on/off (hard
to control)
- down axon and to synapse
- within cell
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LUCKYSTAR2022. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75632 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now