Invertebrates - Animals without a backbone. About 95% of known animal species.
Calcarea and Silicea - phylum that includes sponges; no symmetry, tissues, body cavity, organs, nervous
system; basal animals; mostly marine; contain spicules; most are hermaphrodites; free-swimming during
larval stage and sessile (non motile) as adults; suspension/filter feeders
Suspention feeders - small and large organisms that use filtering and trapping techniques to collect
minute food particles suspended in the water
Spongocoel - large central cavity of the sponge
Osculum - A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
Choanocytes - specialized cell in sponges that uses a flagellum to move a steady current of water
through the sponge
mesohyl - a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge
amoebocytes - the "do-all" cells of sponges, moving by means of pseudopodia, they digest and
distribute food, transport oxygen, and disposes of waste. they manufacture the fibers that make up a
sponges skeleton
Eumetazoa - Members of the subkingdom that includes all animals except sponges. (true tissues)
Cnidaria - animal phylum characterized by having diploblastic tentacled polyp and/or medusa (jelly)
body forms with radial symmetry; tentacles bear cells called cnidocytes that have weapons called cnidae
(e.g., stinging barbs called nematocysts). Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. - corals, jellies and
hydras
, gastrovascular cavity - digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and
echinoderms digest food
Polyps - The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa. Cylindrical
forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of their body, waiting for the prey. - hydras
Medusa - The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is
the polyp.
Cnidocytes - a specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a
fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture
Nematocytsts - a type of cnidocyte that has a long filament coiled up inside it and can penetrate the
prey.
4 major classes of phylum Cnidaria - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
Hydrozoans - A class of Cnidaria where most of the organisms alternate between polyp and medusa
except hydras, which are only polyp. They can reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Scyphozoans - Group of cnidarians,all marine, polyp stage is greatly reduced, free swimming medusae is
up to 2 m in diameter. (Jellies,sea nettles)
Cubozoans - Class of Cnidaria with a box-shaped medusa stage and complex eyes. Often equipped with
toxic cnidocytes.
Anthozoans - class of cnidarian; sea anemones and corals occurring only as polyps. Corals excrete an
exoskeleton of calcium carbonate, form symbioses with algae.
Lophotrochozoans - Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence.
Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. Includes about 18
phyla - introduced 6 are flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs and annelids.
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