Polysaccharides - Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids - hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Fats - consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in
hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids - consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is
hydrophillic
Protein structure and organization - composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R
group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary
(helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8) - 1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6)
receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins
Nuclear Envelope - double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated
with pores, continuous with ER
, Chromatin - uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
Nucleolus - nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more
of these
Rough ER - covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes
Smooth ER - metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and
poisons)
Golgi - stores, transports, and secretes cell products
Cytoskeleton - supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products
Centrosomes (2 centrioles) - only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division
Lysosomes - only in animal cells, digestive organelles
Flagella - only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility
Extracellular Matrix - only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay
information for communication between the environment and the cell
Central Vacuole - only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a
mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic - nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles;
both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids
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