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PHGY 216 Endocrine Exam Latest Update
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PHGY 216 Endocrine Exam LatestUpdate
Functions of the Endocrine System (4) - Answer 1) Regulate metabolism and H2O &
electrolyte balance
2) Induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations
3) Promote growth and development
4) Control reproduction
Secretory Dynamics (4)
- Amount of hormone available depends on... - Answer Plasma [ ] of free, biologically
active hormones depends on
1) Rate of hormone secretion
2) Rate os metabolic activation
3) Extent of binding to plasma proteins
4) Rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion
Types of Hormones & Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Classification - Answer 1) Peptide / protein
hormones (Hydrophilic)
2) Steroid hormones (Lipophilic)
3) Amine hormones
- Catecholamines (Hydrophilic)
- Thyroid hormone (Lipophilic)
Hydrophilic Hormones
- Type of hormone
- Secretion
- Receptor site
- Transport in blood
- Signal transduction - Answer - Highly water soluble & low lipid solubility
- Peptide hormones & catecholamines (ex. epi)
,- Stored in granules & released by exocytosis
- Receptor on surface of cell
- Circulate in unbound form
- Binds to surface membrane & produces effects through a 2nd messenger system
(increase cAMP or Ca)
Lipophilic Hormones
- Type of hormone
- Secretion
- Receptor site
- Transport in blood
- Signal transduction - Answer - High lipid solubility & poorly soluble in water
- Steroids & thyroid hormone (T3/T4)
- Steroids (not T3/T4) released upon synthesis & diffuse across membrane
- Receptor inside target cell
- Circulate bound to plasma protein
- Bind to nuclear receptor and produce effects through gene transcription / protein
synthesis
Nervous System vs Endocrine System - Answer Nervous
- Rapid, precise responses
- Brief in duration
- Target tissues are muscles & glands
- Target tissues short distance away (diffuse across synaptic cleft)
Endocrine
- Slower response but longer in duration
- Targets many tissues in body
- Target tissues far away (carried by blood)
Complexity of Endocrine Function - Answer - Single gland may produce multiple
hormones
, - Single hormone may be secreted by more then one gland
- Single hormone may have more then one type of target cell
- Target tissue usually influenced by more then one hormone (function achieved through
multiple hormones)
Hypothalamus & Pituitary - Answer - Anterior pituitary composed of glandular epithelial
tissue, called adenohypophysis
- Posterior pituitary composed of nervous tissue, called neurohypophysis
- Anterior & posterior glands release hormones and both are controlled by
hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Hormones & Effects (2) - Answer Vasopressin
- Kidneys: increases permeability of distal and CD to water
- Arterioles: causes VC
Oxytocin
- Uterus: stimulates uterine contractions
- Mammary glands: stimulates milk ejection
Vasopressin & Oxytocin
- Production
- Release - Answer 1) Paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei both contain neurons that
produce vasopressin & oxytocin in cell body in hypothalamus
2) Hormone travels down axon to be stored in neuronal terminals within posterior
pituitary
3) When neuron excited, stored hormone released from terminals into circulation for
distribution
Social Effects of Oxytocin - Answer - Face recognition
- Eye contact
- Quality sexual interaction
- Romantic/social bonds
- Parenting style
- Food intake
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