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PHGY 216 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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PHGY 216 EXAM STUDY GUIDE ...
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PHGY 216 EXAM STUDY GUIDEICF - Answer fluid within cells composing 2/3 of total body fluid
ECF - Answer fluid surrounding cells composing 1/3 of total body fluid
1/5 plasma, 4/5 interstitial fluid, lymph & transcellular fluid are negligible
Barriers between plasma and IF - Answer separated by blood vessel walls; at
capillaries, all plasma contents can freely exchange with IF except for proteins
any change in one of these compartments is quickly reflected in the other
Barriers between ICF and ECF - Answer plasma membrane that surrounds each cell of
the body
does not allow for exchange of proteins from ICF to ECF
unequal distribution of ions due to a lack of passive movement from either ICF/ECF
constituents across the plasma membrane
Ion concentrations in ICF vs ECF - Answer ICF is richer in K+ ions, while ECF is richer in
Na+
Overall fluid balance is dependent on regulating _____ - Answer ECF
ECF volume is closely regulated to maintain _____ by changing ______ volume - Answer
blood pressure, plasma
Short term control factors of BP - Answer baroreceptor reflex and fluid shifts
Long term control factors of BP - Answer primary function of the kidney - control of fluid
input/output
____ is important in long term regulation of ECF volume - Answer Salt balance
Na+ and Cl- account for ____ of ECF solutes - Answer 90%
____ follows Na+ when it is transported across a membrane, to control ECF volume -
Answer Water
Salt input - Answer poor as it is dependent on dietary salt, but must be replenished
everyday
intake ~3.5g/day, output ~0.5g/day (higher with activity)
Salt output - Answer excess salt must be eliminated through feces, sweat, or kidneys
The ____ has the largest role in salt elimination - Answer kidneys
Hypertonic ECF - Answer solution outside of the cell has more solutes than solution
, inside, forcing water movement out of the cell
cell shrinkage
Hypotonic ECF - Answer solution outside of the cell has fewer solutes than solution
inside, forcing water movement into the cell
cell expansion
Causes of hypertonicity - Answer insufficient water intake, diabetes insipidus
(deficiency in vasopressin), excessive water loss through sweat, prolonged vomiting or
diarrhea
Causes of hypotonicity - Answer renal failure (treat with dialysis), rapid water ingestion,
over secretion of vasopressin
Isotonic fluids - Answer have equal osmolarity to normal body fluids
injection intravenously (into plasma) does not change ECF concentration
Regulation of water balance - Answer hypothalamic osmoreceptors located near
vasopressin-secreting and thirst centre
Vasopressin - Answer Promotes water retention
Regulation of water balance, given large ECF volume loss - Answer at >7% loss of ECF
and BP, atrial volume receptors stimulate hypothalamic pathways to stimulate
vasopressin release and thirst
Primary functions of the kidney - Answer maintain ECF volume, electrolyte composition,
and osmolarity
In presence of excess water or particular electrolyte, kidneys will _____ - Answer
increase elimination
In water or solute deficit, kidneys will _____, but ______ - Answer further reduce
elimination, cannot actively correct the deficit
Outer layer of the kidney - Answer renal cortex
Gland sitting on the kidney - Answer adrenal gland
Inner layer of the kidney - Answer renal medulla
Inter core of the kidney - Answer renal pelvis
The renal pelvis empties into the _____ - Answer ureter
Functional unit of the kidney - Answer nephron
Vascular component of the nephron - Answer renal artery, afferent arteriole,
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