Exam (elaborations)
PHGY 210-CARDIO EXAM LATEST UPDATE
- Course
- Institution
PHGY 210-CARDIO EXAM LATEST UPDATE ...
[Show more]
Content preview
PHGY 210-CARDIO EXAM LATESTUPDATE
what are 3 indirect measures of blood pressure? - Answer -palpation
-auscultation
-oscillometry
vague function of CVS - Answer organ system to transport molecules and other
substances rapidly over the long distances between cells, tissues and organs
specific functions of CVS - Answer -bring nutrients into the body (ex: from intestine to
liver)
-bring fuel to the cells (ex: glucose from liver to brain)
-bring oxygen to cells from lungs
-remove waste products from cells/body ex: CO2, urea)
-circulate hormones (ex: adrenaline, aldosterone from adrenal glands)
-circulate immune cells and antibodies
-regulate pH (lungs and kidneys)
-regulate water balance (exercise, dehydration)
-thermoregulation (exercise- hyperthemia/hypothermia)
heart - Answer pump-pushes blood through the vasculature and irrigates other organs
and systems
vasculature - Answer -designed to carry out the blood
-change in size/structure
-conductance (respond to systolic/diastolic pressure) vs. microcoordination (exchange
between the blood and extracellular fluid)
blood cell types - Answer -red blood cells-erythrocytes
-white blood cells-leukocytes
-platelets (coagulation)
the cvs can act as a transporter due to what? - Answer diffusion
diffusion defn - Answer movement of molecules from an area of high conc of molecules
,to an area with a lower conc
factors that regulate the process of diffusion and how - Answer -distance (greater the
distance, slower the diffusion rate)
-temperature (generally higher temp leads to better diffusion)
-characteristics of the solvent (higher density leads to lower diffusion rates)
-characteristics of the molecule (higher mass, lower diffusion)
-characteristics of the barrier (cell membrane: affinity, surface area size and thickness)
flux of gas equation - Answer area/thickness x solubility/square root MW x (P1-P2)
flux of gas - Answer flux of gas=membrane diffusing capacity x pressure gradient across
the membrane
what would happen during fibrosis? - Answer less oxygenation of the blood because
space between blood and air is thicker due to overproduction of a layer
explain insect circulation - Answer -hemolymph is the circulatory fluid in insects (not
blood)
-does not transport oxygen (does not have hemoglobin)
-respiration is carried out by the tracheal system
-open system, with circulation from back to front thanks to the dorsal vessel made up of
an aorta and thoracic bulbs (heart)
-hear part is made up of chambers all ending in a valve called ostiole. the ostiole is the
part where the hemolympth is pumped. the valves close with each contraction allowing
fluid to move from back to front.
fish circulation - Answer -fish have a single heart (no right or left ventricle/atrium or
venous/arterial)
-blood arrives through veins into a cavity called the atrium and then enters the ventricle
-venticle has a large muscular wall that allows blood to be sent into the artery when it
contracts
-blood is reoxygenated at the level of the gill branches
amphibians circulation - Answer -closed circulation
-2 circulations (small or pulmonocutaneous and large or systemic)
-3 chambers (2 atria and a single ventricle)
-small circulation leaves the ventricle towards the lungs and the skin, places where gas
,exchanges take place
-blood enriched in O2 returns to the left atrium, then passes into the ventricle which
ejects blood into the systemic circulation
-oxygen-depleted blood then returns to the right atrium then to the ventricle to start the
circuit again
how can 1 ventricle work in terms of oxygen rich vs. oxygen depleted blood? - Answer
blood does not get mixed because structure is so well balanced (no need for division)
crocodile/alligator circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums, 2 ventricles)
-2 aortas (right atrium connects the left ventricle to systemic circulation and a left aorta
connects right ventricle to systemic circulation
-when underwater, valve between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation called
"gear-tooth valve" closes. Causes oxygen-poor blood from right side of heart to enter
left aorta and therefore enter systemic circulation.
-on the left side of the heart the valve to the aorta is also closed and the tissues receive
blood poor in oxygen.
avians and mammalians circulation - Answer -4 chambers (2 atriums and 2 ventricles
physically seperated by the septum)
-right side sends blood to lung, left side side sends blood to rest of body
-oxygenated blood is seperated from deoxygenated blood allowing a better supply of O2
to cells and tissues
haemodynamics - Answer -"branch of physiology dealing with the forces involved in the
circulation of the blood"
-"circulation and movement of blood in the body and the forces involved therein"
blood volume - Answer 5L
blood unit - Answer 450 mL
stroke volume - Answer 70 mL
stroke volume defn - Answer volume of blood pumped out of heart during each
contraction
stroke volume eqn - Answer SV= end-diastolic V-end systolic V
percent of blood venous system - Answer 61%
percent of blood arterial system - Answer 18%
, describe venous system - Answer compliant- it can change accordingly to the changes
in volume
describe arterial system - Answer resistant- changes in volume increase resistance
cardiac output - Answer 5L/min
HR - Answer 70 bpm
cardiac output defn - Answer amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute and is
equal to the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume
venous return defn - Answer refers to the flow of blood from the periphery back to the
atrium, and is equal to cardiac output
blood flow defn - Answer volume of blood circulating per unit of time. can be expresed in
mL/min or in L/min
blood flow eqn - Answer blood flow= V/T
other blood flow eqn - Answer flow= area x mean velocity (cm^2/sec or cm^3/sec)
describe how the structure of different vessels follows their function and order of
vessels in circulation - Answer -aorta: increased diameter, good at receiving high
pressure
-large artery: dissipates pressure gradually
-small artery
-arteriole: keeps pumping going
-capillaries: very thin, perfect for diffusion
-venule
-vein: doesn't contract as much, majority of blood here
-venca cava
-heart
at any given moment where will blood be located, in percentages - Answer -30% in
arteries
-5% in capillaries
-65% in veins
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Zayla. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75759 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now