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Phgy 210- Cardiovascular Exam Latest Update
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Phgy 210- Cardiovascular Exam LatestUpdate
What type of circulation is insect circulation? - Answer Open circulation
What fluid is pumped during insect circulation? - Answer Haemolymph
What type of circulation is fish/piscine circulation? - Answer Closed, single-loop
circulation
How many heart chambers are there in fish/piscine? - Answer 2
What type of circulation is amphibian and most reptile circulation? - Answer Closed,
double-loop circulation
How many heart chambers are there in amphibians and most reptiles? - Answer 3
chambers
What type of circulation is avian and mammalian circulation? - Answer Closed,
double-loop circulation
How many heart chambers are there in avians and mammalians? - Answer 4 chambers
Describe a cardiac muscle cell/myocyte. - Answer 100 uM long, round, 20 uM in
diameter
Diameter of capillaries is _____ where nutrients come in. - Answer ~ 5 uM
The maximum distance between the capillary and myocyte is _____. - Answer ~10 uM
On average, _____ capillary/_____ cardiac myocyte. - Answer 1; 1
When you breathe in, you produce a _____ pressure which causes a flow due to pressure
difference. - Answer Negative
Oxygen comes in via _____ _____. - Answer Bulk flow
PO2 in _____ is higher compared to in the RBC in capillary. - Answer Alveolus
What is the pump in the cardiovascular system? - Answer Heart
What is the pipes in the cardiovascular system? - Answer Vessels
What is the fluid in the cardiovascular system? - Answer Blood
Fick's law states that flow is directly proportional to what 3 things? - Answer Diffusion
coefficient, area, concentration difference/gradient
Fick's law states that flow is inversely proportional to what? - Answer Thickness of the
,membrane
How many alveoli are in the lungs to increase diffusion and flow? - Answer 1 billion
Flux = _____ x _____ _____ - Answer Diameter x concentration gradient
What is the branch of physiology that deals with the forces involved in the circulation of
blood? - Answer Haemodynamics
Fluids are subdivided into _____ and _____ with any mass that occupies the space. -
Answer Gases; liquids
What is the standard blood volume for man? - Answer 5 L
Max oxygen/exercise peaks at what age? - Answer ~25
There is ~_____ mL of blood per kg of body weight. - Answer 75
What volume of blood is taken during donation? - Answer ~500 mL
Venous system = _____ system. - Answer Capacitance
Arterial system = _____ system. - Answer Resistance
Both right and left ventricles are pumping out the same volumes with different _____. -
Answer Pressures
What side of the heart pumps out a flow of blood which splits and divides among all the
organs? - Answer Left
Lungs are in ____ with the _____ heart. - Answer Series; left
If the lungs are in series with the left heart, what does this mean? - Answer They have
the same flow
The organs are in _____ with the heart. - Answer Parallel
If the organs are in parallel with the heart, what does this mean? - Answer They have
different flows
What is the average cardiac output/venous return? - Answer 5 L/min
What is blood flow in donation? - Answer 45 mL/min
How is flow measured? - Answer Volume/time
What is flow directly proportional to? - Answer Velocity and area
Is blood a compressible fluid? - Answer No
To measure cross-sectional area we use _____; shine a beam of sound into the body and
it reflects making a _____ measurement of the cross-sectional area. - Answer
, Echocardiography; direct
What do distribution vessels do? - Answer Bring blood from the heart to the organ
What are two examples of distribution vessels? - Answer Aorta and other large vessels
What anatomical sites generate resistance to flow? - Answer Small arteries and
arterioles
A big area leads to _____ resistance (and vice versa). - Answer Decreased
Flow = _____ x _____ - Answer Area x velocity
What does the lower vena cava do? - Answer Drains the bottom 1/2 of the body
What does the superior vena cava do? - Answer Drains the top 1/2 of the body
Where does the vena cava's blood go? - Answer Right atrium
Almost all of the resistance to flow lies where? - Answer In the small arteries and
arterioles
What is there an exchange of in the capillaries? - Answer Oxygen, carbon dioxide,
sugars
Why is the aorta thick? - Answer It needs to withstand a high pressure
How is the arterial tree created? - Answer By draining all the blood from a subject and
injecting a rubber material a.k.a. arterial cast
Every cell in the kidney is close to a small vessel; therefore what is diffusion able to
create? - Answer A large flux
The summed cross-sectional area gets higher from the _____ to the _____. - Answer
Aorta; capillaries
What is the practical unit of pressure? - Answer cm H2O; mmHg
What is the normal blood pressure? - Answer 120/80 mmHg
What is the normal central venous pressure? - Answer 5-10 cm H2O
We use mmHg when pressures are high in the _____ system and use cmH2O for lower
pressure systems such as the ______ system. - Answer Arterial; venous
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