TEST BANK Applied Pathophysiology A Conceptual Approach (4th Ed) by Judi Nath
Test Banks For Applied Pathophysiology 4th Edition by Judi Nath; Carie Braun, 9781975179199, All Chapter Covered. 100% Verified Questions and Answers. Latest Guide.
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Test Bank for Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual
Approach 4th Edition by Nath Braun | 9781975179199 | All
Chapters with Answers and Rationals
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage; a
conscious perception - ANSWER: pain
the physiologic process that leads to the perception of pain in the conscious animal - ANSWER:
nociception
T/F - the inability to communicate verbally negates the possibility that an individual is experiencing
pain - ANSWER: false
pain is always ___________; each individual learns the application of the word through experiences
related to injury in early life - ANSWER: subjective
many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage which happens for _________ reasons;
there is usually no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage if we take the
subjective report - ANSWER: psychological
T/F - activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is NOT pain,
which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a
proximate physical cause - ANSWER: true
pain requires __________ - ANSWER: consciousness
nociception describes the sensory process by which noxious stimuli are _________, _________,
_________, _________, and _________ by the brain - ANSWER: transduced, transmitted, modulated,
projected, and percieved
a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues - ANSWER: noxious stimulus
an actually or potentially tissue-damaging event transduced and encoded by nociceptors - ANSWER:
nociceptive stimulus
a high-threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that is capable of
transducing and encoding noxious stimuli - ANSWER: nociceptor
T/F - there are different nociceptor types for different types of stimuli (ex: different types for heat vs.
cold vs. chemical stimuli) - ANSWER: true
the process of converting energy to one form or another - ANSWER: transduction
the nerve fibers on which nociceptors are located - ANSWER: Adelta-fibers
C-fibers
the nerve fibers on which nociceptors for pathologic pain (neuropathic pain) are located - ANSWER:
Abeta-fibers
the process that occurs when the electrical signal (action potential) is passed on via afferent neurons;
travels from the peripheral to the spinal cord - ANSWER: transmission
, during transmission, the electrical signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord through
____________ - ANSWER: - Adelta fibers
- C fibers
- Abeta fibers
during transmission, the nerve fibers from the periphery synapse with the _________ of the spinal
cord - ANSWER: dorsal horn
an important area for pain in the spinal cord; where opioid receptors are mainly located - ANSWER:
substantia gelatinosa
the 3 parts of the modulation process - ANSWER: - peripheral
- spinal
- supraspinal
the part of modulation where C-fibers and different substances can modulate (increase or decrease)
response to stimuli - ANSWER: peripheral modulation
a type of C-fiber; normally unresponsive to noxious mechanical stimulation (high threshold); become
awakened (responsive) to mechanical stimulation during inflammation and after tissue injury;
component of peripheral modulation - ANSWER: silent nociceptors
nociceptor sensitizers and activators; component of peripheral modulation - ANSWER: peripheral
opioid receptors
the part of modulation where there is activation of descending inhibitor pathways that modify
sensory input and the response to reduce the intensity of the stimulus that will get projected to the
brain - ANSWER: spinal modulation
the 3 factors that influence spinal modulation - ANSWER: 1. balance between excitatory and
inhibitory neurotransmitters
2. endogenous opioids (inhibit the release of local excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate
and SP)
3. other local modulators (controlled by local mediators and high centers - supraspinal modulation)
the part of modulation consisting of powerful descending pathways that are able to modulate the
pain response - ANSWER: supraspinal modulation
the 3 main sources that control supraspinal modulation - ANSWER: 1. periaqueductal grey matter
(*PAG*) of the midbrain
2. medulla and pons of the brain stem (*nucleus raphe magnus*)
3. *thalamocortical structures*
the mediators that down-regulate nociception; released by the structures that control suprapsinal
modulation - ANSWER: - endorphins
- enkephalins
- dynorphins
- serotonin
- norepinephrine
the next step in nociception after modulation; when the electrical signal moves from the spinal cord
to the supra spinal structures - ANSWER: projection
the 3 tracts along which projection can occur - ANSWER: 1. spinocervicothalamic tract
2. spinoreticular tract
3. trigeminal system
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