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Cardio-Phgy 210 Exam Latest Update
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Cardio-Phgy 210 Exam Latest UpdateWhy do some systems not need a cardiovascular system? - Answer diffusion
Fick's Law - Answer Flow= flux x area
Flow= D x [(Cout-Cin)/d] x A
D is diffusion constant
Cout-Cin is concentration gradient
UNITS= mol/s
Lung to Heart to Lung - Answer Through bulk or convective flow
- O2 come into alveolar sac
- Big concentration gradient for O2
--->small distance, big concentration diff from
alveolar sac and venous blood
- Diffusion constant 20x CO2>O2, but CO2 smaller conc. different
- Small concentration gradient for CO2
Insect Circulation - Answer Open Circulation
- posterior pump 'heart'
- anterior 'aorta'
- no blood= no hemoglobin= no oxygen
- instead hemolymph
Piscine Circulation - Answer Closed circulation
- single loop circulation
- 2 chambers
- atrium --> ventricle --> gill capillaries (gas
exchange for oxygenated blood) --> rest of
body -->deoxygenated blood back to atrium
Amphibian/Reptilian Circulation - Answer Closed Circulation
,- double loop
- 3 chambers (2 atrium 1 ventricle)
- pulmocutaneous circuit (breathe through skin)
- R atrium-->ventricle-->lung/skin--> L atrium-
-->body
Avian/mammalian circulations - Answer Closed Circulation
- double loop
- 4 chambers
- right= pulmonary (lung)
- left= systemic (rest of body)
Haemodynamics - Answer Forces involved in circulation of blood
Volume of blood - Answer 5L
One unit of blood - Answer 450 mL
60% of blood is in which system? - Answer venous
what 4 organs are remaining 40% of blood split in? - Answer Capillaries
lungs
arteries
heart
Which system is the Capacitance system? - Answer Venous
Which system is the resistance system? - Answer arteries- high resistance of blood flow
How much cardiac output does the Left heart pump? - Answer 5000 ml/min
Series-parallel system - Answer cardiac output= venous return
-->conservation of mass
Flow equation - Answer FLOW= volume/ time
Alt. Flow equation - Answer Flow= cross sectional area x mean velocity
--> velocity not same at all points
Why extreme branching of system? - Answer all cells in tissue can be close to capillary
, and receive oxygen for metabolic function
Pressure equation - Answer Pressure= Force/ Area
Arterial Blood pressure - Answer 120/80 mmHg
Central venous pressure - Answer 5-10 cm H2O
How do you get pressure with no flow? - Answer PLUG THE SYSTEM
- static situation when mass is sitting there with two equal but opposite forces
- work done on system for pressure energy
- when a hole made, pressure energy= kinetic energy
Longitudinal Pressure Gradient - Answer there's a continuous drop of pressure which
sets up the gradient
- friction in fluid from viscosity (generates heat)
- side with more force will be direction of flow
Pressures down the vascular tree - Answer Aorta is 100 mmHg
- gets smaller as you go down to large arteries, small arteris, arterioles, capillaries,
venules to veins
Veins is 5 mmHg
Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer pressure of fluid when it's not moving (at equilibrium)
because of gravity
- 1 cm H2O
- 0.98 kPa
Atmospheric Pressure - Answer 760 mmHg
- pressure at surface of water is 0
Stephen Hales - Answer Stuck tube down horse neck,
-height of blood in tube= hydrostatic pressure because forces same from gravity and
fluid
Mercury to water - Answer 1 cm Hg= 14 cm H20
Catheter for central venous pressure - Answer catheter placed in veins and pushed until
tip is at the superior vena cava
- lower pressure
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