BIO-320: Cell Biology Exam 1 Verified Questions And Answers With Verified Updates
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Course
BIO-320: Cell Biology
Institution
BIO-320: Cell Biology
What are R-Groups? - Every amino acid has another atom or group or atoms bonded to the
central atom known as the R group. This R group gives each amino acid proteins specific characteristics,
including size, polarity, and pH.
What are proteins? - Proteins are large, complex molecules that play m...
BIO-320: Cell Biology Exam 1
What are R-Groups? - Every amino acid has another atom or group or atoms bonded to the
central atom known as the R group. This R group gives each amino acid proteins specific characteristics,
including size, polarity, and pH.
What are proteins? - Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the
body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of
the body's tissues and organs.
What is a cell? - Cells are the basic unit of biology that make up every organism on Earth. Cells are
diverse and dynamic.
What is the Cell Theory? - 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
What are marcomolecules? - Macromolecules are large, complex molecules which are usually
formed from the product of smaller molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What are the 4 main macromolecules? - 1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
What are monomers? - Monomers are small atoms or molecules that bond together to form more
complex structures such as polymers. Think of monomers as paper clips that link together to form a
chain, and the chain is the polymer.
What are polymers? - Polymers are large molecules made from small, repeating molecular
building blocks called monomers.
,What are the monomers of proteins? - Amino acids
How type of bond links amino acids? - Peptide bonds.
What do peptide bonds form? - Peptide bonds link amino acids to form polypeptide chains, which
fold into three dimensional structures to create functional proteins.
What type of reaction causes peptide bonds to form? - Peptide bonds are formed by
condensation reactions, in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule. Peptide bonds form
through a process called dehydration synthesis, where a chemical bond is formed through the loss of a
water molecule. When 2 amino acids bond, the nitrogen of one amino group will bond to the carbon of
the other amino acids carboxyl group.
What are the four levels of organization in protein structure? - 1. Primary Structure - Amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide chain.
2. Secondary Structure - Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices and sheets.
3. Tertiary Structure - Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain reactions.
4. Quaternary Structure - Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.
What is a polypeptide chain? - A polypeptide chain is a continuous, unbranched chain of amino
acids joined by peptide bonds.
What is the difference between a-helix and b-sheets? - a-helix and b-sheets are types of
secondary structure of the protein. They are both shaped by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl O of
one amino acid and amino H of another.
But a-helix is a polypeptide chain that is rod-shaped and coiled in a spring-like structure held by
hydrogen bonds.
B-sheets are made of beta strands connected laterally by 2 more hydrogen bonds forming a backbone.
, When are R-groups involved in the protein structure? - The overall three-dimensional structure of
a polypeptide is called its tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is primarily due to interactions
between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein.
What causes secondary structure in protein structure? - The secondary structure arises from the
hydrogen bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. The hydrogen bonds form
between the partially negative oxygen atom and the partially positive nitrogen atom.
What are the four types of bonds/interactions that create folding in tertiary structure? - 1.
Disulfide bonds
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. Ionic bonds
4. Van der waals/hydrophobic interactions
What happens in quaternary structure? - Multiple polypeptides fit together to form one protein.
What are some major categories of proteins? - 1. Enzymes - selective catalysis.
2. Structural Proteins - support of cellular structures.
3. Motility Proteins - movement of cells and cell parts.
4. Regulatory Proteins - regulation of cellular functions.
5. Transport Proteins - transport substances across membranes.
6. Hormonal Proteins - communication between distant parts of an organism.
7. Receptor Proteins - Response of cells to chemical stimuli.
8. Defensive Proteins - Protection against disease.
9. Storage Proteins - storage and release of amino acids.
What are nucleic acids? - Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as
the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They play an important role in directing protein
synthesis. The 2 main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
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