BIO 446L Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions
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Course
BIO 446
Institution
BIO 446
What organs contain a serous membrane? Heart, lungs, intestinal tract
The visceral layer of the glomerular serous membrane ♣ Is composed of simple squamous mesothelium, like other visceral serous membranes we have studied ♣ Contains a very thick basement membrane fused with the endothelial mem...
BIO 446L Final Exam Questions and
Complete Solutions
What organs contain a serous membrane? ✅Heart, lungs, intestinal tract
The visceral layer of the glomerular serous membrane ✅♣ Is composed of simple
squamous mesothelium, like other visceral serous membranes we have studied
♣ Contains a very thick basement membrane fused with the endothelial membrane of
glomerular capillaries
♣ Reminded Dr. Hines of a snowy fir tree
What epithelium are serous membranes normally composed of? ✅simple squamous
Negative pressure is created in the pleural space by elastic tissue that pulls the parietal
pleura towards the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura towards the lung tissue. In the
case of a stab would that punctures the pleural space, what would happen? ✅the
pleural space would fill will air causing alveoli to collapse
Are Bowman's capsule located in serous membranes? ✅NO
What are problems with microscopic images? ✅Microscopic images are 2D which do
not always show the 3D nature of the tissue/structure
-mitochondria
-coilded tubules
-blood vessels
-epididymis
-image of heart (5 holes)
What is dystrophin? ✅large actin-binding protein located just inside the sarcolemma of
skeletal muscle fibers which is involved in the functional organization of myofibrils
What do mutations in dystrophin causes ✅defective linkages between the cytoskeleton
and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Muscle contractions can disrupt these weak
linkages, causing the atrophy of muscle fibers typical of this disease
Lack of GH (somatotropin) during growing years causes ✅dwarfism
Excess GH (somatotropin) during growing year causes ✅gigantism
Excess GH (somatotropin) in adults causes ✅acromegaly (bones become thick)
What does PTH do? ✅Raises calcium levels in the blood
,What is hypoparathyroidism? ✅diminish secretion of PTH can cause bones to become
more dense and mineralized and striated muscle to have abnormal contractions due to
low calcium ion concentration
What is hyperparathyroidism? ✅excessive PTH stimulates the osteoclast number
leading to increased levels of blood calcium
What are pathologic phenotypic changes? ✅Barrett's espophagus
Chronic bronchitis
Celiac disease
Emphysema
COPD
What happens in Barrett's esophagus? ✅Untreated GERD can produce metaplastic
changes in the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophageal mucosa to columnar
epithelium
What happens in chronic bronchitis? ✅Number of goblet cells in the lining of airways in
the lungs often increases greatly leading to excessive mucus production in areas where
there are too few ciliated cells for its rapid removal and contributes to obstruction of the
airways.
The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium --> stratified squamous epithelium by
metaplasia.
What happens in Celiac disease? ✅Loss of the microvilli brush border leading to
malabsorption and structural changes
What happens in emphysema? ✅Involves dilation and permanent enlargement of the
bronchioles leading to pulmonary acini.
Accompanied by loss of cells in the alveoli and other parts of the airway walls, leading
to an irreversible loss of respiratory function.
Any type of infection in the respiratory regions of the lung produces the local
inflammatory condition called pneumonia.
What happens in COPD? ✅Less air flow in and out of the airway because they either:
- Airways and sacs lose their elasticity.
- The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.
- The walls of the airways become think and inflamed.
- The airways make more mucus than usual, which can clog them
What can COPD cause? ✅Can cause coughing that produces large amounts of
mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and other symptoms. Chronic
exposure to smoking, air pollution, chemicals, dust can cause it
, Identification of astrocytomas ✅Intermediate filament can reveal cellular origin of tumor
by means of immunocytochemical methods
EX: GFAP
What are the steps of anaphylaxis? ✅a. Production of IgE antibodies that bind to
receptors on mast cells and basophils after the initial exposure to an antigen
b. Cross linking of IgE molecules after the second exposure to the antigen
c. Activation of intracellular phospholipases that break down membrane phospholipids
and activate cytokines that constrict smooth muscle
d. Rapid degranulation of vesicles releasing cytokines that cause hives, edema, itching
and airway constriction
What are fibrillians? ✅Family of proteins involved in scaffolding necessary for
deposition of elastin
What do mutations in fibrillar result in? ✅Marfans syndrome --> aortic swellings called
aneurysms can develop
Drugs that inhibit cancer cells from dividing are also those that can be used to stop cell
division in order to create a karyotype. Knowing what structure are involved in cell
division, you predict that these drugs also ✅Have the potential to inhibit linkage of
inner to outer segments in photoreceptor cells
Parkinson is a disease that affects nuclei of the substantia nigra in the midbrain causing
muscular and neurologic decline. A nucleus in this context is ✅a collection of cell
bodies in the CNS
Metaplasia is a change in the structure of epithelial linings in the body. This alteration
usually creates a high risk for cancer. Three locations we have seen that can undergo
pathologic metaplasia include ✅esophagus, cervix, respiratory epithelium
You expect that the spaces left by damaged cells after a heart attack will be filled with
✅dense irregular connective tissue
Leukenmia can occur in lymphoid tissue as well as in the bone marrow. When leukemia
occurs in the bone marrow, all cell colonies can be affected resuling in ✅amenia,
bleeding disorder, and high risk for infection
Metastatic cancer cells can enter the lymphatic vessels where they circulate to lymph
nodes. The immune response expected in the lymph node is mediated by ✅B cells in
the cortex, helper T cells in the cortex, cytotoxic t cells in the paracortex and plasma
cells and antibodies in the medulla
Food poisoning caused by clostridium and gastric ulcer caused by h. pylori both involve
✅disruption of structures in tight occluding epithelial junctions
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