Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review 1 and Correctly Updated Questions and Answers 100% A+ Graded
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Course
Advanced pharmacology
Institution
Advanced Pharmacology
Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review 1 and Correctly Updated Questions and Answers 100% A+ Graded
Pharmaceutics - CORRECT ANSWER-The science of pharmaceutical systems/ preparations
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the body does to drugs
Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the d...
Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER-Name brand vs. generic/ 2 different drugs have
the same form and concentration Within -20 to 25%
First order kinetics - CORRECT ANSWER--Applies to most drugs
-Takes the same amount of time to wear off, regardless of amount
-Dose INDEPENDENT
Zero-order kinetics - CORRECT ANSWER--Dose DEPENDENT kinetics
Funnel example/Time it takes to wear off depends on amount taken (Ex: ETOH)
Steady State - CORRECT ANSWER--Absorption/Elimination are equal (Reaches a
plateau)
-Dependent on elimination half-life (Does not depend on loading doses or interval)
Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Depends on:
-Rate: T-max
-Extent: C-max/AUC
-Bioavailability: Amt. of drug that reaches circulation (First-pass effect) (Route of
admin.)
GI Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Via passive processes
-Determined by:
-Surface area (small intestine is where most absorption takes place
-Contact time (diarrhea, peristalsis, gastric emptying)
-Concentration gradient
-GI fluid pH
Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER--Transport of a drug to its site of action/elimination
-Storage of a drug in the body
,-Varies among individuals
-Vd= amt. of drug in the body
Distribution determinants - CORRECT ANSWER--Blood flow
-Special membrane barriers (blood/brain/milk)
-Plasma protein binding (bound/unbound drugs)
-Storage tissues (hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs)
Distribution: Alterations in Vd - CORRECT ANSWER-Age: (elderly= decrease in
muscle mass/increased fat mass)
Gender: Women have decreased muscle & increased fat
Disease: Illness decreases albumin
Nutrition: Low albumin
Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER--Increases elimination from the body
-Lipophilic drugs are more hydrophilic
-Nonpolar drugs = increased polarity
Most important form of elimination from the body - CORRECT ANSWER-Renal
-CrCl: GFR
Preferred time to check levels of oral meds and why - CORRECT ANSWER-Trough:
Because there's less fluctuation in drug levels vs. elimination curve of peak
Up-regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Body increases # of receptors in response to
medication's blocking them (ex: beta blockers)
-May cause increase in symptoms if stopped suddenly (HTN, heartburn)
Down-regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Body decreases # of receptors in response to
medication
-May result in tolerance
FDA Category A - CORRECT ANSWER-Studies on women show remote risk to fetus
FDA Category B - CORRECT ANSWER-Either animal studies show no risk/No human
study done OR animal study finds risk but human study doesn't
FDA Category C - CORRECT ANSWER-Animal study finds risk but no human study
done OR No human/animal studies done
FDA Category D - CORRECT ANSWER-There is proof of risk to fetus but benefit
outweighs the risk
FDA Category - CORRECT ANSWER-There is proof of risk to fetus and benefit does
NOT outweigh risk
Macrodantin & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid
during 3rd trimester
Bactrim & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during
3rd trimester
Cephalosporins & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for all trimesters
Dependent Authority - CORRECT ANSWER-May only practice under the supervision of
an MD
Independent Authority - CORRECT ANSWER-May practice without the supervision of
an MD
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