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Psychological Assessment - The process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and other
assessment tools to gather data on an individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the
purpose of: - Description - ...
- The process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and other
assessment tools to gather data on an individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the
purpose of:
- Description
- Classification
- Prediction
- Intervention
Examiner Qualifications
- Level A: Can be administered and interpreted by a non-psychologist.
- Level B: Requires some technical knowledge of test construction and the completion of supporting
educational and psychological subjects.
- Level C: Should be administered only by individuals with at least an MA in psychology and at least one
year of supervised experience under a psychologist.
Reliability vs Validity
- Reliability: Degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error.
- Validity: Degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure.
Standardization
- The conditions for administering the test (responses, apparatus, scoring) are fixed.
- Standard conditions are used to establish norms; discrepancies between examinees and norm groups
can make results less valid.
Types of Scoring
- Norm-Referenced: Comparison between an examinee's scores and norm group scores (e.g., percentile
ranks, standard scores).
,- Criterion-Referenced: Scores based on what the examinee knows regarding clearly defined content
(e.g., percent correct).
- Self-Referenced: Intra-individual comparisons of scores, indicating relative strengths or weaknesses.
Behavioral Assessment
- Focuses on specific overt and covert behaviors, may use:
- Behavioral interviews
- Observation
- Cognitive assessment
- Psychophysiological measures
- Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA): Identifies the purpose of a behavior through antecedents and
consequences.
Dynamic Assessment
- An interactive approach with deviations from standardized procedures to gather additional
information about the examinee.
- Techniques include:
- Testing the Limits: Providing additional cues or feedback after standardized tests.
- Graduated Prompting: Offering a series of graduated verbal prompts.
- Test-Teach-Retest: Following an initial assessment with interventions and re-assessing.
Computer-Assisted Assessment
- Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): Adapts the test based on prior answers, improving precision and
reducing testing time.
- Computer-based interpretations should complement, not replace, clinical judgment.
Actuarial vs Clinical Predictions
- Actuarial: Statistical methods based on empirically validated relationships between test results and
criteria.
- Clinical: Based on intuition, experience, and knowledge.
, - Research shows that actuarial methods are more accurate than clinical judgment alone.
Assessing Children
- Interviews can yield reliable and valid data from children as young as 6.
- Techniques to establish rapport include descriptive statements, reflections, open-ended questions,
labeled praise, and minimizing critical or leading questions.
Assessing Members of Culturally Diverse Populations
- Considerations include:
- Acculturation and identity
- Language proficiency
- Availability of appropriate norms
- Cultural equivalence of test content
- No tests are truly culture-fair or culture-free.
- Research shows no consistent effect of race, ethnicity, or culture on examiner-examinee dynamics.
Self-Report
- Advantages: Quick and low-cost data collection.
- Disadvantages: Generally lower reliability and validity compared to other methods.
Multi-Informant Report
- Advantages: Provides comprehensive information about the client.
- Disadvantages: May lead to inconsistencies in reports across different informants.
Psychophysiological Measures
- Used to observe physiological functions linked to emotional states.
- Advantages: Analyzes momentary experiences without interfering.
- Disadvantages: Can be costly, and not all experiences may carry significance.
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