Clinical Psychology (EPPP)
Clinical Psychology - The study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and behavioral disorders.
Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies - Human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes. - Early development profoundly affects adult functioning. - Universal p...
- The study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and behavioral disorders.
Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies
- Human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes.
- Early development profoundly affects adult functioning.
- Universal principles explain personality development and behavior.
- Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of therapy.
Freudian Psychoanalysis
- Human beings are determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual
needs and drives, and psychosexual events that occur during the first five years of life.
Freud's Personality Theory
- Composed of two theories: structural (drive) theory and developmental theory.
Structural Theory (Freud)
- The personality is composed of three structures:
- **Id**
- Present at birth; includes life and death instincts.
- Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
- **Ego**
- Develops at about six months of age.
- Operates on the reality principle, deferring gratification until an appropriate object is available.
- Mediates between the demands of pleasure and reality.
- **Superego**
- Develops between four and five years.
- Represents the internalization of societal values and standards, blocking socially unacceptable drives.
,Developmental Theory (Freud)
- Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id; personality is formed in childhood through experiences during
psychosexual stages of development.
- Over or undergratification of sexual needs during stages leads to various personality outcomes.
Psychosexual Stages:
- **Oral Stage**: Birth to about age 2; focus on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.
- **Anal Stage**: Focus on elimination and control over feces; represents a child's ability to control their
own world.
- **Phallic Stage**: About age 4 to 7; gratification from the genitals.
- **Latency Stage**: Sexuality is repressed; focus on identifying with the same-sex parent and peer
interactions.
- **Genital Stage**: From puberty onward; sexual conflicts from childhood resurface and are often
resolved during adolescence.
Defense Mechanisms
- Occur when the ego cannot manage danger through rational means.
- Operate unconsciously, denying or distorting reality (alerting the ego to conflicts between the id and
the superego).
Common Defense Mechanisms:
- **Repression**: Excludes id's drives from conscious awareness; maintains them in the unconscious.
- **Reaction Formation**: Avoids anxiety by behaving in the opposite way.
View of Psychopathology (Freudian)
- Maladaptive behavior results from unresolved conflicts during childhood.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
- Goal: Reduce symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating
repressed material.
, - Techniques include free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.
Key Techniques:
- **Free Associations**: Encouraging patients to freely share thoughts, images, and ideas without
censorship.
- **Confrontation**: Helping clients view their behavior differently.
- **Clarification**: Restating clients' remarks and feelings in clearer terms.
Psychic Determinism
- The belief that all behaviors have meaning and serve psychological functions (e.g., slips of the tongue
are expressions of unconscious motives).
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Interpretation ✔️- more explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes
- more effective when they address motives and conflicts that are close to consciousness
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Working Through ✔️- following cathartic release of recalling unconscious materials that contribute to
behavior, client gradually assimilates new insights into his personality
- longest stage of therapy
Transference ✔️- patient's response to the therapist's actual behavior and attempt to imbue that
behavior with personal meaning
Countertransference ✔️- not just the therapist's distorted response to the patient, but a potential
source of information about the patient and contributor to the curative process
Assumptions of Alder's Individual Psychology ✔️- disagreed with emphasis on role of unconscious
instinctual forces
- states all behavior is goal directed and purposeful
- behavior is largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than past events
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