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CCEB - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CCEB - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY EXAMQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Normal SA firing rate: 60-100 bpm.
Where is SA depolarisation delayed? AV node.
The electrical pathway of the heart includes the SA node, AV node, His bundle,
and Purkinje fibres.
Do the ventricles fill passively or actively? ANSWER: 80% passive, 20% active.
What happens during early systole? As pressure builds, the AV valves close.
What happens during late systole? The aortic and pulmonary valves are driven
open, rapidly lowering pressure.
End systolic volume is the term used to describe the remaining blood after systole.
An inverted T wave implies myocardial ischaemia.
U wave: ANSWER papillary muscle repolarisation.
P wave indicates atrial depolarization.
QRS complex: ANSWER ventricular depolarisation and atrial repolarisation.
, T wave: ANSWER ventricular repolarisation
What is seen in primary heart block? ANSWER: Elongation of the PR interval.
What is seen in secondary heart block? - Answer Extension of the PR interval until
TWO depolarisations occur.
What is seen in total heart block? No QRS wave.
Frank-Starling Law - Answer The heart's contraction becomes stronger as the
stretch increases. This enhanced contractility leads to a greater volume of blood
expelled (increased SV).
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each
heartbeat.
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped in one minute (~5L - SVxHR).
Parasympathetic effects on heart rate - ANSWER Right Vagus reduces the rate of
SA node at rest.
The left vagus delays the conduction of AV nodes and lowers the force of
contraction.
Sympathetic effects on heart rate - ANSWER Increases rate during times of stress.
Thyroid hormones' impact on heart rate - ANSWER Increases heart rate more
gradually and steadily.
How are heart cells connected? Desmosomes anchor the intercalated discs
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