Exam (elaborations)
SAS Manual For Introduction to the Practice of Statistics
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SAS Manual For Introduction to the Practice of Statistics Third Edition
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SAS Manual ForIntroduction to
the Practice of Statistics
Third Edition
Michael Evans
University of Toronto
,ii
,Contents
Preface ix
I SAS Language 1
1 Overview and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Accessing and Exiting SAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 SAS Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Data Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 Form and Behavior of a Data Step . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1 SAS Constants, Variables, and Expressions . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5 Control Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 SAS Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1 PROC PRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 PROC SORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
II SAS Procedures for Data Analysis 43
1 Looking at Data: Distributions 45
1.1 Tabulating and Summarizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.1.1 PROC FREQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.1.2 Calculating the Empirical Distribution Function . . . . 49
1.1.3 PROC MEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
iii
, iv CONTENTS
1.1.4 PROC UNIVARIATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.2 Graphing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.2.1 PROC CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.2.2 PROC TIMEPLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.3 Graphing Using SAS/Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.3.1 PROC GCHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.4 Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.4.1 Normal Quantile Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2 Looking at Data: Relationships 73
2.1 Relationships Between Two Quantitative Variables . . . . . . 73
2.1.1 PROC PLOT and PROC GPLOT . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.1.2 PROC CORR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.1.3 PROC REG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.2 Relationships Between Two Categorical Variables . . . . . . . 87
2.3 Relationship Between a Categorical
Variable and a Quantitative Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.1 PROC TABULATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3 Producing Data 97
3.1 PROC PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2 Sampling from Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3 Simulating Sampling Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4 Probability: The Study of Randomness 105
4.1 Basic Probability Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.1 Simulation for Approximating Probabilities . . . . . . . 107
4.2.2 Simulation for Approximating Means . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 From Probability to Inference 113
5.1 Binomial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.2 Control Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2.1 PROC SHEWHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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