BIO 307 EXAM 3 Questions And Answers 2024
_____________ occurs between individuals of two or more species that use a resource that limits their
growth, survival or reproduction - ANS-Competition
Competition, whether direct or indirect, can limit the _____________ and _____________ of the
comp...
BIO 307 EXAM 3 Questions And Answers 2024
_____________ occurs between individuals of two or more species that use a resource that limits their
growth, survival or reproduction - ANS-✔✔Competition
Competition, whether direct or indirect, can limit the _____________ and _____________ of the
competing species - ANS-✔✔distribution; abundance
Competing species are more likely to _____________ when they use resources in different ways - ANS-
✔✔coexist
But the outcome of competition can be altered by ..... - ANS-✔✔environmental conditions, species
interactions, disturbance and evolution
Charles Darwin was the first to document _____________ in plants - ANS-✔✔carnivory
Venus flytrap leaves have an inner surface with touch-sensitive hairs.... - ANS-✔✔If an insect trips those
hairs, the leaf snaps shut in half a second
Why do some plants eat animals? - ANS-✔✔Competition among plants can be intense where soil
nutrients are scarce
In nutrient-poor environments, carnivory in plants has evolved multiple times
Thus, carnivory may be an adaptation to living in low nutrient environments
A. G. Tansley did one of the first experiments on competition in 1917.... - ANS-✔✔Two species of
bedstraw: Galium saxatile is restricted to acidic soils; G. sylvestre is restricted to calcareous (basic) soils
,When grown alone, both species could survive in both soil types
When grown together on acidic soils, only G. hercynicum survived
When grown together on calcareous (basic) soils, only G. sylvestre
Tansley concluded that competition restricted the two species to particular soil types in nature
how important is competition? - ANS-✔✔Many studies have been compiled and analyzed to answer
this question
Schoener (1983) found that of 390 species studied, 76% showed effects of competition under some
conditions; 57% showed effects under all conditions tested!
Connell (1983) found that competition was important for 50% of 215 species in 72 studies
two types of interspecific competition.. - ANS-✔✔intraspecific and interspecific
_____________ competition occurs among members of the same species - ANS-✔✔Intraspecific
This is the type of competition that we have assumed is in operation as a density dependent population
control mechanism
___________ competition occurs among members of different species - ANS-✔✔Interspecific
Competition can occur between closely related species and.... - ANS-✔✔Competition can also occur
between species not so closely related species
,In experiments with rodents and ants that eat the same seeds, Brown and Davidson (1977) set up plots
with four treatments, as follows: - ANS-✔✔(1) Rodents excluded: Ant colonies increased by 71%
(2) Ants excluded: Rodents increased in number and biomass
(3) Both rodents and ants excluded: Seed density increased 450%
(4) Undisturbed control plots
results of Brown and Davidson experiment on rodents and ants - ANS-✔✔In treatments 1, 2 and 4,
seed density was similar:
When either rodents or ants were removed, the group that remained ate as many seeds as rodents and
ants combined
In natural conditions, each group would be expected to eat fewer seeds in the presence of the other
group, showing that sign of the interaction is always negative
_________________ competition involves direct interaction between competitors such that the action
of one species inhibits the other species - ANS-✔✔Interference
For example, the production of toxins by competing plants, which is called allelopathy
Or the occupation and control of a limited space and aggressive encounters
___________________ competition involves more indirect inhibitory effects - ANS-✔✔Resource
(exploitation)
, •Such as those arising from reduced availability of a resource
Which in turn affects the competing species' growth, reproduction or survivorship
Given that two species are competing, can we make any predictions about the outcome of that
competition? - ANS-✔✔Competition was placed on a fairly firm, if greatly oversimplified, theoretical
basis over 75 years ago by Lotka (1925) in the United States and Volterra (1926) in Italy
The Lotka-Volterra competition equations are a modification of the ____________ equation (density
dependent population growth model) and share its assumptions - ANS-✔✔logistic
If these two species are interacting in such a way that an individual of one species negatively affects the
growth rate of the other through interspecific competition..... - ANS-✔✔Then another term must be
introduced into the logistic equations to convert the inhibitory effect of each species on the growth rate
of the other
•Consider the environment with regard to species 1 as a box that will hold K1 number of individuals of
this species, some of this space can also be occupied by individuals of a competing... - ANS-✔✔species
2
In most cases, the "space" occupied by one individual of species 2 will not be exactly the ______ as that
occupied by an individual of species 1 - ANS-✔✔same
• For example, species 2 might be larger and require more food than species 1
we need some conversion, or scaling, factor to convert species 2 individuals into an equivalent number
of species 1 individuals
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