EKG correct answers records the electrical activity of the heart and can identify an abnormal cardiac rhythm and sometimes cardiac muscle damage
Stress test correct answers Monitors cardiac activity while exercising or after medications are given to increase the heart rate. it detect whether the...
Cardiac PCCN || with Complete Solutions.
EKG correct answers records the electrical activity of the heart and can identify an abnormal
cardiac rhythm and sometimes cardiac muscle damage
Stress test correct answers Monitors cardiac activity while exercising or after medications are
given to increase the heart rate. it detect whether there is a change in rhythm or signs of cardiac
ischemia
echocardiogram correct answers an ultrasound of the heart to evaluate contractility and valve
function. Can be done through the chest wall or transesophageal.
PET scan correct answers a nuclear scan that evaluates the flow of blood through the coronary
arteries to the heart muscle. Can also be done with a form of glues to determine whether specific
areas of the heart tissues are damaged. More expensive than a CT scan but detects changes faster
Thallium or perfusion scans correct answers Nuclear scans that evaluate areas of the heart
muscle that are not being properly perfused. Can be done with different contrast mediums.
Holter Monitor correct answers a small device that is worn over 24 hours up to several weeks. it
runs continuously, while an even recorder allows the patient to start the ECG recording when
they experience symptoms.
In order to diagnose right ventricular infarction... correct answers right sided leads are placed on
the right side in a mirror image of the left leads.
S1 correct answers the first heart sound "lub" closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (heards at
apex/left ventricular area of the heart, the pointy bottom of the heart)
S2 correct answers the second heart sound "dub" closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. heard
at the base of the heart (top near the aortic arch etc)
Systole correct answers the time between S1 and S1
Diastole correct answers time from S2 and the next S1
Gallop Rhythms correct answers S3 (occurs after S2 in children and young adults) but may
indicate heart failure or LVF in older adults (heard when patient is lying on left side)
S4 occurs before S1 and occurs with ventricular hypertrophy uch as from CAD, HTN, or aortic
valve stenosis
Opening snap correct answers an unusual high pitched sound occurring after S2 withe stenosis of
mitral valve from rheumatic heart disease
Ejection click correct answers a brief high pitched sound occurring immediately after S1 with
stenosis of aortic valve
, Friction rub correct answers a harsh grating sound heard in systole and diastole with pericarditis
Murmur correct answers cause by turbulent blood flow from stenotic or malfunctioning heart
valves, congenital defects, or increased blood flow. They are characterized by location, timing in
the cardiac cycle, intensity, pitch, quality, and radiation.
To assess jugular venous pressure correct answers Elevate the patients head to 45 degrees (up to
90 if necessary) with patients head turned to the right. Position light at an angle to illuminate
veins and shadows. measure the height of the jugular vein pulsation about the sternal joint using
a ruler. Normal is less than 4cm above sternal angle.
QT interval correct answers when the ventricles complete contraction to when they begin to
contract again (the resting phase of the ventricles) Shorter when the heart rate is faster and longer
when the heart rate is slower. (QTc is the corrected Qt interval)
QTc greater than 0.5 seconds... correct answers indicates pt is at risk for developing v-fib or
torsades de pointes
Troponin correct answers preferred markers for myocardial injury, high sensitivity and
specificity for MI. if there is injury, trop increases 3-12 hours from onset of chest pain, peaks at
24-48 hours, returns to baseline within 2 weeks.
CK correct answers Creatinine kinase (CK-MB is specific to cardiac muscle) normal 5-25.
increases 3-12 hours from onset of chest pain, reaches peak within 24 hours, and returns to
baseline 48-72 hours.
Myoglobin correct answers found in cardiac and skeletal muscle, released much more rapidly
from the cardiac muscle than troponin when infarction occurs may be detected as early as 2
hours after symptoms begin. Normal 0-85. High sensitivity, low specificity.
WBCs correct answers high white blood cell count (leukocytosis) may be seen within a few
hours of an MI, though sensitive, low specificity.
Contractility correct answers amount of force exerted by myocardium during contraction.
Directly related to preload and afterload
Increased contractility occurs... correct answers due to changes in body chemistry or the
sympathetic nervous system. Digoxin and dopamine increase it too. leads to increased stroke
volume and cardiac output.
Decreased contractility occurs... correct answers potentially when a patient is hypoxic or
acidotic. some drugs like atenolol also decrease it
How does the heart respond to need for increased stroke volume during exercise or periods of
stress? correct answers by increasing preload through increased venous return, by increasing
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