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  • August 11, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • chapter 4 current ethernet specifications

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Chapter 4 current Ethernet specifications
Ethernet - ✔✔a connection media-access method that allows all hosts on a network to share the
same bandwidth of a link. Ethernet is popular because it's readily scalable, meaning that it's
comparatively easy to integrate new technologies.




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Ethernet uses both Data Link and Physical Layer specifications.

Collision Domain - ✔✔is an Ethernet term that refers to particular network scenario wherein one
device sends a packet out on a network segment and t hereby forces every other device on that
same physical network segment to pay attention to it.




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Collision event - ✔✔a situation where each device's digital signals interfere with another on the wire-
occurs and forces the devices to retransmit later. Collisions have dramatically negative effects on
network performance, so they're definitely something we want to avoid.

Broadcast domain - ✔✔Refers to the set of all devices on a network segment that hear all the




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broadcasts sent on that segment.

Even though a broadcast domain is typically a boundary delimited by physical media like switches
and repeaters, it can also reference a logical division of a network segment where all hosts can reach




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each other via a Data Link Layer (hardware address) broadcast.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection - ✔✔CSMA/CD a media access control
method that helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the
same time on the network medium.

When a collision occurs on an Ethernet LAN, the following things happen:

A jam informs all devices that a collision occurred.

The collision invokes a random backoff algorithm.

Each device on the Ethernet segment stops transmitting for a short time until the timer expires

All hosts have equal priority to transmit after the timers have expired.

And following re the effects of having a CSMA/CD network that has sustained heavy collisions (Delay/
Low throughput/ Congestion)

, Broadband - ✔✔Allows us to have both our analog voice and digital data carried on the same
network cable or physical medium. Broadband allows us to send multiple frequencies of different
signals down the same wire at the same time ( called frequency-division multiplexing)

Baseband - ✔✔What all LANs use. This is where all the bandwidth of the physical media is used by
only one signal. For example, Ethernet uses only one digital signal at a time and requires all




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bandwidth. If multiple signals are sent from different hosts at the same time, we got collisions: same
with wireless except that only uses analog signaling.

Bit Rate - ✔✔a measure of the number of data bits (0s and 1s) transmitted in one second in either
digital or analog signal.




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Baud - ✔✔a term of measure of electronic state change per second- for example, from 0.2 volts to 3
volts or from binary 0 to 1. However since a single state change can involove more than a single bit of
data, the bps unit of measurement has replaced it as a more accure definition of how much data
you're transmitting.




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Wavelength - ✔✔Each wave pattern has a certain shape and length. The distance between peaks
(high points) is called wavelength.

If two different wavelengths are different, we would say they're not on the same wavelength and that




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is the way we tell different kinds of electromagnetic energy apart.

Sampling -Size - ✔✔In order for a computer to convert analog audio signals to digital signals in a
discrete step, the analog waveform is mathematically described as a succession of discrete amplitude
values.

When converting to analog, the computer captures a series of samples in specified sizes, which we'll
call the sampling size. Each data stream sample contains items like dynamic range, frequency
content, and more.

The measured amplitude level in a each sample is quantized by being given a value of the nearest
measured increment. A computer will reproduce these values and play them back in the same order
and at the same rate at which they were captured, producing a copy of the original waveform.

Half duplex - ✔✔Defined by the original 802.3 Ethernet specification. When you run half duplex,
you're using only one wire pair with a digital signal either transmitting or receiving.

If a host hears a digital signal, it uses the CSMA/CD protocol to help prevent collisions to permit
retransmitting if a collision does occur.

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