What makes a case study or series different from a randomized trial? - ANS There is no
comparison group
example of using historical controls - ANS to compare a new treatment, we would go
back to the medical records of patients with the same disease who were treated
BEFORE the new therapy became available
Problems with using historical controls - ANS 1. the quality of data collected for the
historical controls is not as good as the quality of the treatment controls because they
were not used for research purposes
2. Lots of other things might have also changed since then, like nutrition, living
conditions, therapies, etc.
Problems with non-randomized controls - ANS introduces selection bias
T or F: Ensuring comparability is the main purpose of randomization - ANS F:
randomizing does not automatically ENSURE comparability, there is still a chance
What is stratified randomization? - ANS placing participants into specific groups of
interest, and then randomizing within each group. Helps ensure comparability between
groups
Blinding vs. double blinding vs. triple blinding - ANS blinding: study participant does not
know which treatment they are getting
double: participant and researcher do not know
triple: participant, researchers, and analyst do not know
What are two problems with a cross over trial? - ANS 1. carryover- not long enough of a
washout period
2. psychological responses of the timing of the two treatments: enthusiasm diminishes
over time
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