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11th Physics Full year sura guide, 12th Zoology study material
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-: GOD GRACE :-BIO-ZOOLOGY
REVISED EDITION (Q & A) – 2021
( PART –II )
7. Human Health and Diseases
8. Microbes in Human Welfare
9. Applications of biotechnology
10. Organisms and Population.
11. Biodiversity and its Conservation
12. Environmental Issues.
Prepared by :- TNHSPGTA- DHARMAPURI-DIST –ZOOLOGY DEPT.
P.SENGUTTUVAN. M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.
P.G.T-Zoology –GHSS –Thoppur.
DHARMAPURI -DIST .
&
C.VALARMATHI. M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.
P.G.T-Zoology.GHSS-Palayampudur
DHARMAPURI –DIST.
P.Senguttuvan. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. & C.Valarmathi. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri. Page 1
, 7: Human Health and Diseases
BOOK BACK QUESTION
(Note :- Question no :1– 14 answers are available in your book )
15) Given below are some human organs. Identify one primary and one secondary lymphoid organ. Explain its role.
Liver, thymus, stomach, thyroid, tonsils.
1. Thymus –it is the primary lymphoid organ. T cells maturation occurs in the thymus .
2. Tonsils -it is the secondary lymphoid organ.Which help to fight infections and they stop invading germs
including bacteria and viruses.
16) Name and explain the type of barriers which involve macrophages.
Specialized cells Monocytes, it can mature to convert a macrophages cells.
It act as a phagocytosis and digest whole microorganisms.
17) What are interferons? Mention their role.
Interferons induce antiviral state in the uninfected cells.
Complementary substances produced from leucocytes lyse the pathogenic microbes or
facilitate phagocytosis.
18) List out chemical alarm signals produced during inflammation.
Tissue damage and infection induce leakage of vascular fluid, containing chemotactic signals like
serotonin, histamine and prostaglandins.
They influx the phagocytic cells into the affected area. This phenomenon is called diapedesis.
20) Explain the structure of immunoglobulin with suitable diagram.
In 1950s, Porter and Edelman revealed the basic structure of the
immunoglobulin.
An antibody molecule is Y shaped structure that comprises of 4
four polypeptide chains.
Two identical light chains (L) of molecular weight 25,000 Da
(214 amino acids) .
Two identical heavy chains (H) of molecular weight 50,000 Da
(450 amino acids).
The polypeptide chains are linked together by di-sulphide (S-S)
bonds.
One light chain is attached to each heavy chain and 2 heavy chains are attached to each other to form a Y
shaped structure. Hence, an antibody is represented by H2 L2.
Each chain (L and H) has two terminals. They are C - terminal (Carboxyl) and amino or N-terminal.
Each chain (L and H) has two regions. They have variable (V) region and constant (C) region.
21. What are the cells involved innate immune system?
1. Monocytes, Neutrophils - to convert a macrophages cells and it act as a phagocytosis.
2. Complementary substances produced from leucocytes - produce antiviral substance Interferons.
3. Mast cell – they produce the chemical substances serotonin, histamine and prostaglandins, it act as
Inflammatory barriers.
P.Senguttuvan. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. & C.Valarmathi. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri. Page 2
, 22. What is vaccine? What are its types?
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
It resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbes, their toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
Vaccine initiates the immunization process. The vaccines are classified 3 types :;
1. First generation vaccine - is further subdivided into live attenuated vaccine, killed vaccine and toxoids.
i) Live attenuated vaccines - Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and the Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine.
ii) Killed (inactivated) vaccines - Salk‟s polio vaccine.
iii) Toxoid vaccines - contain a toxin or chemical secreted by the bacteria or virus. DPT vaccine
2. Second generation vaccine - contains the pure surface antigen of the pathogen. E.g. Hepatitis-B vaccine.
3. Third generation vaccine - contains the purest and the highest potency vaccines which are synthetic in
generation. The latest revolution in vaccine is DNA vaccine or recombinant vaccine.
25. List the causative agent, mode of transmission and symptoms for Diphtheria and Typhoid.
No Diseases Causative agent Site of infection Mode of transmission Symptoms
1. Diphtheria Corynebacterium Larynx, skin,nasal, Droplet infection Fever, sore throat, hoarseness and
diphtheriae genital passage difficulty in breathing.
2. Typhoid Salmonella typhi Intestine Through contaminated Headache, abdominal discomfort,
food and water fever and diarrhoea.
26. A patient was hospitalized with fever and chills. Merozoites were observed in her blood. What is your
diagnosis?
The classic symptoms first develop with the synchronized release of merozoites, haemozoin toxin and
erythrocyte debris into the blood stream resulting in malaria.
Symptoms are – shivering chills, high fever followed by sweating.
Fever and chills are caused partly by malarial toxins that induce macrophages to release tumour necrosis
factor (TNF-α) and interleukin.
27. (i) Write the scientific name of the filarial worm that causes filariasis.
ANS : Wuchereria bancroft
(ii) Write the symptoms of filariasis.
ANS : Inflammation of the lymph nodes, the obstruction of lymph vessels causes elephantiasis or
filariasis of the limbs, scrotum and mammary glands.
(iii) How is this disease transmitted?
ANS : The life cycle is completed in two hosts, man and the female Culex mosquito. The female
filarial worm gives rise to juveniles called microfilariae larvae. In the lymph glands, the juveniles develop
into adults.
28. List the common withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol abuse.
If the intake of the drug or alcohol is abruptly stopped, he or she would develop withdrawal symptoms.
In a sense, the body becomes confused and protests against the absence of the drug.
The withdrawal symptoms may range from mild tremors to convulsions, severe agitation and fits,
depressed mood, anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, dryness of throat, etc,
depending on the type of drug abuse.
P.Senguttuvan. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. & C.Valarmathi. M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri. Page 3
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